Table 1 Study variables for the sample and by year of immigration
From: Internationally educated nurses in Canada: predictors of workforce integration
Variable | Sample (N = 2280) | Immigrated <2002 (N = 1065) | Immigrated ≥2002 (N = 1215) | a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age, mean (SD) | 47.36 (11) | 54.5 (8.81) | 41 (8.65) | t = 35.79*** |
Gender, n (%) | χ 2 = 73.6*** | |||
Female | 1943 (85.2) | 976 (91.6) | 967 (79.6) | |
Male | 280 (12.3) | 64 (6.0) | 216 (18.1) | |
Visible minority, n (%) | χ 2 = 88.37*** | |||
Yes | 1311 (57.5) | 508 (47.7) | 803 (66.1) | |
No (White) | 899 (39.4) | 531 (49.9) | 368 (30.3) | |
Country of basic nursing education, n (%) | χ 2 = 97.83*** | |||
Developing country | 1287 (56.4) | 491 (46.1) | 796 (65.5) | |
The Philippines | 556 (24.4) | 198 (18.6) | 358 (29.5) | |
India | 181 (7.5) | 38 (3.6) | 133 (10.9) | |
China/Hong Kong | 84 (3.7) | 58 (5.4) | 26 (2.1) | |
Lebanon | 42 (1.8) | 14 (1.3) | 133 (10.9) | |
Jamaica | 41 (1.8) | 17 (1.4) | 24 (2.3) | |
Other developing countries | 383 (16.8) | 166 (15.5) | 122 (10) | |
Developed country | 888 (38.9) | 530 (49.8) | 358 (29.5) | |
United Kingdom | 374 (16.4) | 263 (29.5) | 111 (9.1) | |
France | 131 (5.7) | 32 (3) | 99 (8.1) | |
United States | 107 (4.7) | 61 (5.7) | 46 (3.8) | |
Poland | 63 (2.8) | 59 (5.5) | 4 (<1) | |
Australia | 44 (1.9) | 22 (2.1) | 22 (1.8) | |
Other developed countries | 17 (1.4) | 93 (<1) | 76 (6.2) | |
Regulatory status, n (%) | χ 2 = 76.13*** | |||
Registered nurse | 2033 (89.2) | 1013 (95.1) | 1020 (84) | |
Licensed practical nurse | 220 (9.6) | 43 (4) | 177 (14.6) | |
Registered psychiatric nurse | 24 (1.1) | 7 (<1) | 17 (1.4) | |
Province of registration and employment, n (%) | χ 2 = 294.55*** | |||
Alberta | 471 (20.7) | 192 (18) | 279 (23) | |
Atlantic Provinces | 120 (5.3) | 37 (3.5) | 83 (6.8) | |
British Columbia | 305 (13.4) | 146 (13.7) | 159 (13.1) | |
Manitoba | 195 (8.6) | 55 (5.2) | 140 (11.5) | |
Ontario | 752 (33) | 523 (49.1) | 229 (18.8) | |
Quebec | 350 (15.4) | 101 (9.5) | 249 (20.5) | |
Saskatchewan | 80 (3.5) | 7 (<1) | 73 (6) | |
Human capital characteristics | ||||
Nursing education, n (%) | χ 2 = 240.78*** | |||
Diploma, nonuniversity | 1087(47.7) | 692 (65) | 395 (32.5) | |
Baccalaureate or higher | 1172(51.4) | 364 (34.2) | 808 (66.5) | |
Professional experience, n (%) | χ 2 = 29.51*** | |||
<3 years | 567 (14.9) | 320 (30.0) | 247 (20.3) | |
3–5 years | 310 (13.6) | 140 (13.1) | 170 (14) | |
>5 years | 1386 (60.8) | 596 (56.0) | 790 (65) | |
English language proficiency, n (%) | χ 2 = 5.42* | |||
No or limited knowledge | 459 (20.1) | 239 (22.4) | 220 (18.1) | |
Moderate to highly knowledgeable | 1721 (75.5) | 791 (74.3) | 930 (76.5) | |
French language proficiency, n (%) | χ 2 = 37.36*** | |||
No or limited knowledge | 1077 (47.2) | 541 (50.8) | 536 (44.1) | |
Moderate to highly knowledgeable | 326 (14.3) | 101 (9.5) | 225 (18.5) | |
Formal and informal assistance | ||||
Bridging program participation, n (%) | χ 2 = 37.85*** | |||
Yes | 626 (27.5) | 227 (21.3) | 399 (32.8) | |
No | 1654 (72.5) | 838 (78.7) | 816 (67.2) | |
Professional work experience in Canada, n (%) | χ 2 = 0.729, p = ns | |||
Yes | 772 (33.9) | 351 (33) | 421 (34.7) | |
No | 1274 (55.9) | 604 (56.7) | 670 (55.1) | |
Help studying for nursing exam, n (%) | χ 2 = 12.45*** | |||
Yes | 970 (42.5) | 413 (38.8) | 557 (45.8) | |
No | 1076 (47.2) | 542 (50.9) | 534 (44) | |
Help finding the first job, n (%) | χ 2 = 14.84*** | |||
Yes | 458 (20.1) | 207 (19.4) | 251 (20.7) | |
No | 1093 (47.9) | 611 (57.4) | 482 (39.7) | |
Workforce integration | ||||
Passed exam on the first attempt, n (%) | χ 2 = 14.63** | |||
Yes | 1499 (65.7) | 661 (62.1) | 838 (69) | |
No | 544 (23.9) | 291 (27.3) | 253 (20.8) | |
Difficulty securing the first job, n (%) | χ 2 = 19.68** | |||
Easy | 596 (26.1) | 242 (22.7) | 354 (29.1) | |
Difficult | 1217 (53.4) | 629 (59.1) | 588 (48.4) | |