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Table 6 Associations between the presence of Individual Health WHO practice activities in country SOP documents and country-level healthcare resource metrics

From: Understanding the scope of practice of physician associate/physician associate comparable professions using the World Health Organization global competency and outcomes framework for universal health coverage

WHO practice activities

SOP element present

Health expenditures per capitaa

Medical doctors per 1000 populationa

Nurses per 1000 populationa

High vs. low incomea,b

  

N (Median)

Statisticc

(p-value)

N (Median)

Statisticc

(p-value)

N (Median)

Statisticc

(p-value)

ORd

(p-value)

1.Gathering information through interviewing, examination and assessment

Absent:

16 (229)

60

(0.52)

16 (0.75)

70

(0.93)

16 (1.50)

53

(0.29)

2.63

(0.39)

Present:

9 (4338)

9 (2.60)

9 (8.20)

2.Formulating a judgement following a clinical encounter

Absent:

3 (105)

13

(0.11)

3 (< 0.00)

9

(0.05)*

3 (0.40)

1.5

(0.01)*

Present:

22 (1118)

22 (1.35)

22 3.85)

3.Managing conversations with individuals and their families

Absent:

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

Present:

25 (253)

25 (0.90)

25 1.90)

4.Advocacy for individual health needs

Absent:

4 (1634)

48

(0.70)

4 (2.25)

50

(0.58)

4 (3.70)

39

(0.85)

0.63

(1.00)

Present:

21 (201)

21 (0.90)

21 1.90)

5.Providing information and support to impact individual health behaviours

Absent:

7 (1139)

79

(0.36)

7 (1.50)

75

(0.49)

7 (4.20)

82

(0.26)

0.85

(1.00)

Present:

18 (203)

18 (0.75)

18 1.30)

6.Gaining informed consent

Absent:

4 (2010)

48

(0.70)

4 (2.25)

48

(0.68)

4 (7.05)

46.5

(0.77)

0.63

(1.00)

Present:

21 (205)

21 (0.90)

21 1.90)

7.Ordering, administering and interpreting the results of diagnostic and screening procedures

Absent:

2 (617)

2 (1.05)

23

(1.00)

2 (1.95)

13.5

(0.37)

Present:

23 (253)

23 (0.90)

23 1.90)

8.Developing and adjusting a management plan

Absent:

4 (194)

32

(0.50)

4 (0.55)

42

(1.00)

4 (1.45)

34

(0.58)

2.18

(0.63)

Present:

21 (1098)

21 (1.20)

21 3.50)

9.Prescribing medications or therapeutics

Absent:

14 (696)

82

(0.81)

14 (1.35)

93.5 (0.38)

14 (3.85)

96.5

(0.30)

0.77

(1.00)

Present:

11 (205)

11 (0.60)

11 (1.30)

10.Preparing and dispensing medications or therapeutics

Absent:

22 (229)

23

(0.45)

22 (0.90)

25.5 (0.56)

22 (1.50)

12

(0.09)

3.32

(0.54)

Present:

3 (4816)

3 (3.3)

3 (12.60)

11.Administering medications or therapeutics

Absent:

11 (1098)

80

(0.89)

11 (0.90)

87.5 (0.58)

11 (1.70)

71

(0.76)

1.30

(1.00)

Present:

14 (203)

14 (0.70)

14 3.05)

12.Selecting assistive products

Absent:

22 (229)

25

(0.55)

22 (1.05)

31.5 (0.93)

22 (2.60)

24.5

(0.50)

0.73

(1.00)

Present:

3 (1098)

3 (0.90)

3 (1.90)

13.Providing assistive products

Absent:

19 (253)

52

(0.78)

19 (0.90)

61

(0.82)

19 (1.70)

51.5

(0.75)

1.67

(0.65)

Present:

6 (2270)

6 (1.40)

6 (5.05)

14.Providing non-pharmacological health interventions

Absent:

0(‡)

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

Present:

25 (253)

25 (0.9)

25 1.90)

15.Providing treatment and care support to individuals

Absent:

2 (2056)

27

(0.73)

2 (2.75)

34.5 (0.27)

2 (3.50)

23.5

(1.00)

0.65

(1.00)

Present:

23 (205)

23 (0.90)

23 1.90)

16.Managing end-of-life and bereavement care

Absent:

25 (253)

25 (0.90)

25 (1.90)

Present:

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

16a. Providing a death declaration

Absent:

22 (676)

28

(0.72)

22 (1.05)

41

(0.53)

22 (1.50)

21

(0.34)

0.73

(1.00)

Present:

3 (201)

3 (0.20)

3 (4.20)

16b. Managing hospice care

Absent:

25 (253)

25 (0.90)

25 (1.90)

Present:

0 (‡)

0 (‡)

1 (‡)

17.Reporting notifiable diseases, conditions or events

Absent:

19 (1139)

62

(0.78)

19 (1.50)

75.5

(0.25)

19 (4.20)

71.5

(0.37)

0.73

(1.00)

Present:

6 (191)

6 (0.20)

6 (1.25)

18.Providing or receiving a clinical presentation

Absent:

5 (105)

24

(0.08)

5 (0.60)

41

(0.56)

5 (0.70)

23

(0.07)

3.13

(0.61)

Present:

20 (696)

20 (1.35)

20 3.85)

19.Moving and transporting individuals

Absent:

10 (696)

66

(0.64)

10 (1.20)

79

(0.85)

10 (2.60)

66.5

(0.66)

1.00

(1.00)

Present:

15 (205)

15 (0.90)

15 1.90)

20.Coordinating transfer to another care environment

Absent:

22 (229)

34

(0.97)

22 (0.90)

26.5 (0.61)

22 (1.80)

28

(0.71)

3.32

(0.54)

Present:

3 (4338)

3 (2.80)

3 (8.20)

  1. Bold demonstrate significantly significant results
  2. aPer 1000 USD increment
  3. bAs defined by the World Bank
  4. cWilkoxon test for independent samples
  5. d Fisher exact test
  6. *p-value < 0.05
  7. Data unavailable for these data points