Correlates of physician burnout across regions and specialties: a meta-analysis

Table 5 Regional differences for emotional exhaustion (EE)

	Americas			Europe
Correlates	k	n	ρ _c	k	n	ρ _c	Z-dif
Work engagement drivers
Autonomy	2	860	−0.49	3	1,279	−0.24	6.39^b
Work engagement constraints
Organization structures	1	62	0.48	2	857	0.44	0.42
Inadequate resources	3	431	0.33	1	563	0.37	0.78
Insufficient input	2	324	0.37	1	84	0.25	1.11
Workload	9	2,746	0.70	8	2,876	0.63	4.79^b
Position-specific demands	3	578	0.46	6	2,429	0.37	2.13^a
Work attitudes drivers	6	6,114	−0.28	7	5,705	−0.64	25.42^b
Work attitudes constraints	6	1,474	0.55	4	1,934	0.38	6.36^b
Health and safety drivers
Quality and safety culture	2	2,714	−0.56	4	4,815	−0.25	15.74^b
Professional development	2	652	−0.41	2	646	−0.22	3.76^b
Health and safety constraints
Incivility/conflicts/violence	3	431	0.34	3	1,356	0.43	1.89
Lack of quality and safety	6	1,921	0.47	8	3,148	0.39	3.42^b
Work-life/home conflict	7	1,881	0.57	5	1,907	0.40	7.04^b
Contributors to poor mental health	5	1,157	0.57	13	5,018	0.65	3.86^b
Contributors to good health	2	879	−0.33	2	2,233	0.30	0.60
Adaptive coping
Social support	4	1,253	−0.35	1	501	−0.22	2.68^a
Problem-focused	2	342	−0.44	3	892	−0.17	4.81^b
Ineffective coping	1	133	0.53	7	1,845	0.32	2.36^a

k, number of samples; n, sample size across k; ρ _c, weighted mean meta-correlation after correcting for measurement unreliability; Z-dif, tests whether ρ _c’s are significantly different from each other. Bold values indicate the stronger of the two ρ _c’s for the correlate. ^a P <0.05; ^b P <0.001, two-tailed.

ISSN: 1478-4491