Table 1 Provider characteristics in intervention and comparison groups at baseline and endline (n = 101)

Provider cadre ^a (%)

Nurse

37.5 (6)

29.6 (8)

0.311

55.2 (16)

20.7 (6)

0.100

Midwife

31.3 (5)

22.2 (6)

13.8 (4)

13.8 (4)

Clinical officer

31.3 (5)

18.5 (5)

10.3 (3)

17.2 (5)

Military medical assistant

0.0 (0)

14.8 (4)

13.8 (4)

20.7 (6)

Pharmacy staff

0.0 (0)

3.7 (1)

0.0 (0)

13.8 (4)

Laboratory staff

0.0 (0)

0.0 (0)

6.9 (2)

10.3 (3)

Lay counsellor

0.0 (0)

11.1 (3)

0.0 (0)

3.5 (1)

Service areas among clinical staff ^b

n = 16

n = 23

n = 27

n = 21

PMTCT

68.8 (11)

52.2 (12)

0.313

51.9 (14)

52.4 (11)

0.972

Antenatal care

68.8 (11)

56.4 (13)

0.453

46.2 (12)

52.4 (11)

0.679

ART

56.3 (9)

52.2 (12)

0.808

51.9 (14)

61.9 (13)

0.497

Labour and delivery

56.3 (9)

52.2 (12)

0.808

29.6 (8)

42.9 (9)

0.352

Postnatal care

62.5 (10)

56.5 (13)

0.718

44.4 (12)

42.9 (9)

0.915

Other^c

0.0 (0)

34.8 (8)

0.007

61.5 (16)

57.1 (12)

0.766

Number of services offered (mean, SD)

3.1 (.42)

3.0 (.40)

0.891

2.9 (.30)

3.1 (.31)

0.724

Socio-demographics (all providers)

Male (%)^b

66.7

48.2

0.248

58.6

51.7

0.597

Mean age (SD)^d

35.6 (5.2)

35.1 (8.8)

0.844

35.6 (6.1)

33.8 (7.4)

0.326

Mean years at this health facility (SD)^d

4.2 (5.1)

6.1 (6.5)

0.316

5.9 (5.5)

5.5 (4.8)

0.750

Mean years ever worked in ZDF (SD)^d

8.3 (5.4)

11.3 (9.2)

0.246

10.3 (5.7)

9.1 (7.3)

0.522