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Table 3 Educational structure for "doctor substitutes"

From: Using mid-level cadres as substitutes for internationally mobile health professionals in Africa. A desk review

Country

Cadre name

Basic schooling

Basic pre-service education

Postbasic education

Specialized education

Ghana

Medical assistant

12 years

3 years (nursing)

1 year

none

 

Nurse anesthetist

12 years

3 years nursing

18 months

none

 

Doctor

12 years

6 years

 

2–5 years

Kenya

Clinical officer

12 years

3 years (clinical officer)

1 – 1.5 yrs

 
 

Doctor

12 years

6 years (medical school)

 

3–4 years

Tanzania

Clinical officer

12 years

2 years

3 years (AMO) (+ 5 years' practice)

2 yr (AMOs)

 

Doctor

12 years

6 years (medical school)

 

3–4 years

Mozambique basic, medium & specialist

Medical assistant; surgical/obstetrical technician

10 years

2.5 years medical assistant

1.5 years – surgical/ obstetrical technician

 
 

Doctor

12 years

6 years (medical school)

  

Malawi

Medical assistant/clinical officer

12 years

3 years (medical assistant)

1.5 years? (surgery) clinical officer

 
 

Pharmacy technologist

12

3 years

1 year

 
 

Doctor

12 years

6 years (medical school)

  

Zambia

Clinical officer

12 yrs (O level)

3 years

licentiates 18 months

2 year "clinical officer anesthetist"

 

Doctor

12 years

6 years (medical school)

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