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• group-based performance awards and pay
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• effort-related awards and pay
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• consistent application of clearly defined sanctions for wrongful behaviour
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• exposure to new knowledge (training, conferences)
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• team building
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• low-cost benefits that express personal appreciation (extra free time, tea during night duty)
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• development of career development plans
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• transparent and reliable promotion schemes
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• continuing professional development, training
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• supportive supervision and feedback
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• performance management tools
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• staff satisfaction surveys
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• increased staff participation in decision-making processes within the health structure
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• horizontal and vertical communication among staff
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• quality improvement teams and building a quality culture
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• participatory problem assessments and problem-solving processes
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• benchmarking and competition among facilities.
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