Table 5 Random and fixed effects estimates of EPI vaccination rates on HRH densities (β coefficients presented; standard errors in parentheses) (N = 560; # provinces = 80)
From: Health worker densities and immunization coverage in Turkey: a panel data analysis
Random effects | Fixed effects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | |||||
Log HRH density | 0.00 | 0.24* | 0.50** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
0.00 | (0.10) | (0.20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.20) | (0.20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Log HRH density * Time Trend | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.11** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.12** | 0.00 | 0.00 |
0.00 | 0.00 | (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Log GP density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.06 | 0.15 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.10) | (0.20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.10) | (0.20) | |
Log GP density * Time Trend | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.13** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.15** |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.05) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.05) | |
Log nurse/midwife density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | -0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.19 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.09) | (0.20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.10) | (0.20) | |
Log nurse/midwife density * Time Trend | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.05) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.05) | |
Log health officer density | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.36* | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.44* |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.08) | (0.10) | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.10) | (0.20) | |
Log health officer density * Time Trend | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.097** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.11** |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | (0.04) | |
Time trend | -0.31** | -0.29** | -1.04** | -0.29** | -1.60** | -0.30** | -1.16** | -0.30** | -1.84** |
(0.05) | (0.05) | (0.30) | (0.05) | (0.40) | (0.05) | (0.30) | (0.05) | (0.40) | |
Time trend-squared | 0.062** | 0.059** | 0.060** | 0.059** | 0.055** | 0.061** | 0.062** | 0.061** | 0.056** |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
Log GDP/capita | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Log % adult female illiteracy | -1.44** | -1.28** | -1.30** | -1.26** | -1.30** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Log Land area | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.07) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.07) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Constant | -0.88 | 0.58 | 2.36 | 0.87 | 3.70* | 1.82 | 3.36* | 1.92 | 5.16** |
(1.20) | (1.30) | (1.60) | (1.50) | (1.90) | (1.20) | (1.50) | (1.40) | (1.80) | |
R-squared (within) | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.35 |
R-squared (between) | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.69 | ||||
R-squared (overall) | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | ||||
F-test: HRH = 0† | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.90 | 6.62 | 20.30 | 0.00 | 5.72 | 0.23 | 3.90 |
P-value | <0.01 | 0.09 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.88 | <0.01 | |||
F-test: GP = GP * Time Trend = 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.83 |
P-value | 0.02 | <0.01 | |||||||
F-test: Nurse/Midwife = Nurse/Midwife * Time Trend = 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.06 |
P-value | 0.04 | 0.13 | |||||||
F-test: Health officer = Health officer * Time Trend = 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.36 |
P-value | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||||||
F-test p-value: Fixed Effects = 0 | 0.15 | 0.16 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||