Table 1 Terms of reference: strategies and abbreviations. This table clarifies terms and abbreviations used within this article

Distributed, community-engaged learning: the health and social needs of targeted communities guide education, research and service programmes with input and active participation from the communities served. Education occurs in or near underserved communities using a variety of educational modalities including distance learning.

Fit for purpose workers: education and career tracks are designed to meet the needs of the communities served. This includes cadres such as community health workers, accelerated medically trained clinicians, nurse practitioners and extended generalists.

Gender and social empowerment: ensuring a diverse workforce that includes women have equal opportunity in education and are supported in their delivery of health services.

Interprofessional training: teaching the knowledge, skills and attitudes for working in effective teams across professions.

South-south and north-south partnerships: sharing of best practices and resources within and between countries.