Incentives to change: effects of performance-based financing on health workers in Zambia

Table 2 Mean statistics of workers’ characteristics at baseline and endline in three groups (N = 683)

Variable	Baseline			Endline
Variable	Intervention (n = 147)	Control 1 (n = 87)	Control 2 (n = 92)	Intervention (n = 166)	Control 1 (n = 92)	Control 2 (n = 99)
Female	0.42	0.38	0.42	0.41	0.36	0.49
Education-primary	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.04	0.01	0.05
Education-secondary	0.40	0.40	0.30	*0.35*	*0.49*	*0.27*
Education-college	0.52	0.49	0.63	0.60	0.49	0.68
Clinical officer	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.04	0.03
Nurse	0.25	0.26	0.25	0.33	0.35	0.45
Midwife	0.11	0.13	0.14	0.12	0.09	0.15
Environmental health technicians (EHTs)	0.15	0.09	0.16	0.13	0.08	0.10
Classified daily employees (CDEs)	0.33	0.41	0.32	0.31	0.38	0.22
Other staff	0.67	0.59	0.69	0.69	0.62	0.78
Age	37.43	38.01	36.21	35.82	38.51	35.49
Work-absence	1.20	1.44	1.59	1.12	1.10	1.74
Work-days	5.82	6.26	6.13	6.00	6.24	6.27
Work-hours	51.45	55.90	54.55	52.07	50.33	49.61
Supervision frequency from previous year	4.52	4.32	6.65	5.62	4.58	4.54
Work experience-total	10.06	11.04	9.76	8.03	9.03	7.95
Work experience-current facility	4.55	5.40	4.39	4.27	4.67	5.09

ANOVA test of balance among three groups was performed separately for baseline and endline. Statistical significance is denoted by bold italic (p < 0.01); bold (p < 0.05); italic (p < 0.1)

ISSN: 1478-4491