Table 5 Logistic regressions for determinants of non-governmental sources of income

Years in position

1.02 (0.02)

1.03 (0.03)

1.02 (0.05)

0.97 (0.02)

1.02 (0.04)

0.99 (0.02)

Kasai Occidental (vs Equateur)

0.52 (0.23)

0.87 (0.32)

3.13 (2.13)*

2.34 (1.17)*

8.72 (10.09)*

8.42 (8.88)**

0.69 (0.25)

0.65 (0.23)

2.62 (3.02)

2.69 (3.13)

1.29 (0.48)

1.24 (0.41)

Kasai Orientale (vs Equateur)

3.22 (3.86)

3.81 (2.94)*

5.84 (4.64)**

3.77 (2.37)**

1

1

0.99 (0.91)

0.46 (0.37)

1

1

3.67 (3.50)

2.02 (1.35)

Maniema (vs Equateur)

2.65 (1.58)

3.76 (1.73)***

23.82 (18.79)***

12.49 (7.39)***

21.87 (25.97)***

14.53 (16.24)**

3.59 (1.68)***

4.02 (1.81)***

158.86 (191.31)***

132.02 (147.97)***

0.50 (0.26)

0.56 (0.25)

Province Orientale (vs Equateur)

1.54 (0.89)

1.08 (0.47)

9.18 (5.93)***

5.76 (3.00)***

1

1

3.99 (2.27)**

4.42 (2.17)***

1

1

0.41 (0.20)*

0.37 (0.15)**

Population served

1.00 (0.00)

1.00 (0.00)

1.00 (0.00)

1.00 (0.00)

1.00 (0.00)**

1.00 (0.00)**

1.00 (0.00)

Total personnel

1.12 (0.20)

0.69 (0.11)**

0.67 (0.10)**

0.83 (0.16)

0.79 (0.11)*

0.83 (0.12)

0.98 (0.21)

0.68 (0.11)**

0.72 (0.10)**

Urban (vs rural)

0.63 (0.32)

0.95 (0.48)

2.81 (1.85)

2.44 (0.99)**

0.51 (0.18)*

0.51 (0.15)**

1.17 (0.82)

1.37 (0.55)

Number of services

0.98 (0.14)

0.96 (0.14)

0.90 (0.10)

1.35 (0.12)***

1.24 (0.11)**

1.71 (0.26)***

1.51 (0.22)***

1.24 (0.11)**

1.24 (0.09)**

Distance of facility from village

0.98 (0.03)

0.97 (0.05)

0.78 (0.07)**

0.88 (0.06)**

0.99 (0.03)

0.78 (0.05)***

0.79 (0.06)***

0.99 (0.03)

Reference heath centre (vs heath centre)

0.49 (0.25)

0.64 (0.26)

0.54 (0.38)

2.53 (1.27)*

0.89 (0.36)

0.45 (0.28)

0.41 (0.16)**

0.50 (0.16)**

Age

0.97 (0.02)*

0.97 (0.01)*

0.94 (0.03)**

0.96 (0.02)**

0.89 (0.04)***

0.92 (0.02)***

1.03 (0.02)

0.96 (0.03)

1.01 (0.02)

Male (vs female)

0.82 (0.27)

0.80 (0.32)

1.32 (0.68)

1.03 (0.32)

3.37 (1.62)**

2.36 (1.01)**

1.57 (0.47)

1.74 (0.44)**

Number of dependents

1.08 (0.05)*

1.07 (0.04)**

0.99 (0.05)

1.01 (0.08)

1.06 (0.03)*

1.08 (0.03)***

1.09 (0.04)**

1.05 (0.03)

1.04 (0.03)

Married (vs not married)

0.92 (0.11)

0.95 (0.17)

0.88 (0.20)

1.08 (0.13)

1.34 (0.24)

0.84 (0.10)

University (vs school education)

0.83 (0.33)

0.84 (0.38)

1.32 (0.79)

0.93 (0.27)

1.02 (0.43)

1.28 (0.36)

ASSP programme

1.55 (0.64)

0.41 (0.17)**

0.48 (0.17)**

2.47 (1.13)**

1.51 (0.44)

1.74 (1.05)

1.98 (0.64)**

1.80 (0.49)**

Receives any government pay^a

0.20 (0.08)***

0.95 (0.39)

4.11 (2.37)**

2.76 (1.33)**

0.55 (0.17)*

0.51 (0.15)**

^b

1.68 (0.47)*

1.92 (0.50)**

Receives user fees

–

–

0.89 (0.41)

–

–

1.32 (0.41)

–

–

–

–

Receives informal payments

–

–

–

–

–

–

1.32 (0.48)

–

–

–

–

Receives payment from private practice

–

–

–

–

–

–

3.00 (1.56)**

2.64 (1.21)**

–

–

–

–

Receives performance payments

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.67 (0.21)

–

–

–

–

Constant

14.87 (20.39)**

4.24 (2.58)**

2.54 (3.75)

0.77 (0.65)

0.27 (0.48)

0.12 (0.13)*

0.03 (0.03)***

0.18 (0.13)**

0.00 (0.00)***

0.00 (0.00)***

0.15 (0.14)**

0.19 (0.13)**

Pseudo R ²

0.15

0.07

0.15

0.10

0.24

0.18

0.16

0.15

0.46***

0.44***

0.13

0.11

Model χ ²

44.56***

21.42***

35.55**

29.59***

42.99***

29.19***

53.16***

44.09***

77.28

47.64

47.41***

52.87***

Number observations (n)

333

391

332

405

286

329

326

367

266

266

333

372