Macro-level driver | International and national factors that exert influence across all international labour markets and also affect the health system dynamics [16, 20] | ||
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Themes and descriptions | Codes | References to clarify the source of the codes | |
UK based | Health system factors (these are factors related to the UK health systems including NHS) | Active recruitment Employment opportunities in the NHS Safety and security of NHS Established networks Support offered for relocation/induction Permit free training | Active recruitment [21, 25,26,27,28,29,30,31] Employment opportunities in the NHS [26, 27, 32,33,34] |
Economic factors | Ability to remit money Strength of pound in global economy | ||
Political factors | Bilateral agreement UK referendum vote to leave EU Safety for family/self, fleeing violence Ease of obtaining right to remain Ease of British Citizenship Ease of movement to the UK from EU | ||
Source country based | Health system | Unemployment Underemployment Poor salaries Poor working conditions Overproduction of nurses and doctors | Un/underemployment Poor salaries [41] |
Economic factors | Global recession Devaluation of money Changes to remuneration Remittance to home country | Global recession [30] Devaluation of money [25] Changes to remuneration [41] | |
Social factors | Corruption in everyday life | ||
Political factors | Immigration policies Bilateral agreements Colonial connections | Immigration policies | |
Meso-level | Professional-specific factors (e.g. education/training, job conditions) that frame perceived opportunities in a given occupational sector | ||
UK | Training opportunities | Desire to gain postgraduate training Desire to gain postgraduate qualification Desire to learn the state of the art in the profession Status of gaining UK qualifications and training | |
Employment opportunities | Desire to experience working in a different environment | ||
Career progression opportunities | Opportunities to gain clinical experience through short-term employment Opportunity for research Opportunity for networking | Opportunities to gain clinical experience through short term employment [43, 48] | |
Source country | Training and employment opportunities | Shortage of postgraduate training opportunities Shortage of posts in a particular speciality/profession Natural progression of training | |
Career progression opportunities | Lack of promotion | ||
Micro-level | Individual circumstances and attitudes through which macro- and meso-level drivers are viewed by individuals therefore influencing individuals’ migration decision | ||
Personal fulfilment | Desire for life change Adventure Better quality of life | Desire for life change Adventure [52] | |
Financial gain | Financial gain for self Financial gain for family Financial gain for extended family Desire to increase comparative income | Financial gain for self and family [26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 38, 42, 48, 55] | |
Family factors | Better quality of life for family Better education for children Desire to give children the cultural experience Partners decision to work in the UK Travel to the UK to marry Travel to the UK to escape marriage | Better quality of life for family Better education for children Desire to give children the cultural experience [25] | |
Networks | Access to social networks in the UK Access to professional networks in the UK Influenced by family mentor Influenced by professional mentor | Access to networks and mentors [37, 38, 42, 51] Role of mentor or mentoring [28] | |
Language | Knowledge of English language Desire to improve English language | ||
Window of opportunity | One off opportunity | [25] | |
Migrating stepping stone | Working in the UK is seen as a potential stage in onward migration, primarily to the United States, Gulf countries and Australia | [27] |