Table 2 Summary of scoping review findings
First author and year | Health context | Population group | Boundary spanning type | Paid or unpaid | Purpose of boundary spanning | Activities | Outcome domains | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Boundary spanner | Organisation | Community | |||||||
Aoun (2013) [61] | Weight loss | Rural middle aged to older men | Peer | Unpaid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Bailey (2015) [53] | General healthy lifestyle interventions | Prisoners and people with mental illness | Lay | Paid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; referrals to other organisations | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Barlow (2011) [54] | Perinatal/maternal health | Socio-eco deprived families | Peer | Paid and unpaid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits/phone calls; emotional/practical support; referrals to other organisations | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Bustillos (2015) [38] | Nutrition | Disadvantaged and hard to reach | CHW | Paid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Choi (2016) [39] | Cancer screening or care | Ethnic minority | CHW | Unstated | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Workshop/information sessions; home visits/phone calls; service navigation | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Doolan-Noble (2013) [62] | Chronic care | Rural with complex and chronic conditions | Navigator | Paid | Solution to workforce shortage | Home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; referrals to other organisations; patient follow up and documentation | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Felix (2011) [45] | Mild to moderate functional limitations | Long-term care needs: age and disability | CHW | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Home visits/phone calls; referrals to other organisations; service navigation | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Gampa (2017) [46] | Community health | Indigenous communities | CHW | Paid | Solution to workforce shortage | Individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; referrals to other organisations; cultural brokering; case management; health service provision | ✓ | |||
Han (2007) [47] | Chronic care | Older migrants | CHW | Unpaid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Hartman (2013) [60] | Exercise program | Ethnic minority mothers | Community entities | Paid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; cultural brokering | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Hesselink (2011) [27] | Perinatal/maternal health | Ethnic minority women | CHW | Paid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; cultural brokering; health service provision | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Kennedy (2010) [55] | Nutrition | Less affluent neighbourhood | Lay | Paid and unpaid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; emotional and practical support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Levinson (2015) [48] | Smoking cessation | Socio-eco disadvantaged | Lay | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits and phone calls; referrals to other organisations; patient follow up and documentation | ✓ | |||
Margellos-Anast (2012) [49] | Chronic care | Poor inner-city communities | CHW | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Individual provision of health advice/coaching; referrals to other organisations; case management. | ✓ | ✓ | ||
May (2007) [65] | Community health | Immigrants | CHW | Paid and unpaid | Solution to workforce shortage | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; referrals to other organisations | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
McLeish (2015) [56] | Perinatal/maternal health | Vulnerable mothers | Peer | Unpaid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; emotional and practical support; service navigation | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Najafizada (2015) [63] | Community health | Marginalised people | CHW | Paid and unpaid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; health service provision | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Otiniano (2012) [50] | Community health | Hard to reach communities | CHW | Stipend for the workshop | Addressing organisational trust problem | Workshop/information sessions; community-based research | ✓ | |||
Palmas (2014) [51] | Chronic care | Hispanic adults | CHW | Paid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits/ phone calls; emotional and practical support | ✓ | |||
Palomino (2017) [52] | Cancer screening or care | Ethnic minorities- rural | Navigator | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Service navigation; cultural brokering. | ✓ | |||
Rafie (2015) [40] | Cancer screening or care | African-American | Lay | Unpaid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Workshop/information sessions | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Raj (2012) [41] | Cancer screening or care | Racially and ethnically diverse | Navigator | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Home visits/phone calls; service navigation; patient follow up and documentation | ✓ | |||
Rohan (2016) [42] | Cancer screening or care | Medically disadvantaged | Navigator | Paid | Increase participation rates in clinical services | Home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; service navigation; patient follow up and documentation | ✓ | |||
Shahidi (2015) [43] | Community health | Inner city neighbourhood “forgotten” | CHW | Paid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Workshop/information sessions; home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; service navigation; case management; health service provision | ✓ | |||
Sokol (2016) [64] | General healthy lifestyle interventions | Hardly reached | Peer | Paid and unpaid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; service navigation; referrals to other organisations | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Thomson (2012) [57] | Perinatal/maternal health | Mothers in a deprived area | Peer | Paid and unpaid | Addressing organisational trust problem | Workshop/information sessions; home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Torres (2014) [67] | Perinatal/maternal health | New immigrants and refugees | CHW | Paid | Solution to workforce shortage | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; home visits/phone calls; emotional and practical support; referrals to other organisations; cultural brokering; case management | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Wagoner (2015) [44] | Sexual health | Ethnic minority men- Latino | Peer | Unpaid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; emotional and practical support; referrals to other organisations | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
White (2015) [58] | Mental health | High deprivation areas | Lay | Paid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Individual provision of health advice/coaching | ✓ | |||
Woodall (2013) [59] | Community health | Disadvantaged communities | Lay | Unpaid | Change in health behaviours and outcomes | Workshop/information sessions; individual provision of health advice/coaching; emotional and practical support | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |