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Table 3 Association between demographics and experiences with stated likelihood of working in a rural area in the future

From: Assessment of interventions to attract and retain health workers in rural Zambia: a discrete choice experiment

Characteristic

Likely or very likely to work in rural area

n (%)1

Unlikely or very unlikely to work in rural area

n (%)1

Odds ratio (p value)2

Gender

 Female

167 (73.6)

60 (26.4)

1.22 (0.36)

 Male

180 (77.3)

53 (22.8)

ref.

Age

 29 years or younger

212 (76.3)

66 (23.7)

1.14 (0.57)

 30 years or older

133 (73.9)

47 (26.1)

ref.

Marital status

 Single or divorced

183 (80.3)

45 (19.7)

1.65 (0.02)

 Married or engaged

163 (71.2)

66 (28.8)

ref.

Dependents

 No children

139 (78.5)

38 (21.5)

1.31 (0.24)

 Has children

204 (73.7)

73 (26.4)

ref.

Health worker status

 Student

170 (82.5)

36 (17.5)

2.04 (< 0.01)

 Active health worker

178 (69.8)

77 (30.2)

ref.

Years practicing as a health worker

 None or less than 1 year

178 (80.2)

44 (19.8)

1.67 (0.02)

 More than 1 year

165 (70.8)

68 (29.2)

ref.

Years practicing as a health worker in rural areas

 None or less than 1 year

188 (79.0)

50 (21.0)

1.53 (0.05)

 More than 1 year

152 (71.0)

62 (29.0)

ref.

Bonding agreement or other rural obligation

 Has bonding agreement or other obligation

56 (84.9)

10 (15.2)

2.04 (0.05)

 No bonding agreement or other obligation

280 (73.3)

102 (26.7)

ref.

Rating of experience working in rural area

 Excellent

55 (90.2)

6 (9.8)

12.38 (< 0.01)

 Good

118 (81.4)

27 (18.6)

5.90 (< 0.01)

 Fair

117 (74.1)

41 (26.0)

3.85 (< 0.01)

 Poor

20 (42.6)

27 (57.5)

ref.

Health worker cadre

 Environmental health officer

52 (58.4)

37 (41.6)

ref.

 Nurse

198 (79.2)

52 (20.8)

2.71 (< 0.01)

 Midwife

41 (83.7)

2 (16.3)

3.64 (< 0.01)

 Clinical officer

35 (85.4)

6 (14.6)

4.15 (< 0.01)

 Medical doctor

12 (66.7)

6 (33.3)

1.42 (0.52)

  1. 1Percentages are row percentages, but may not sum to 100% due to missing data. OR denotes “odds ratios” which represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a certain exposure (or in this characteristic)
  2. 2p values and odds ratios are based on bivariate logistic regressions