Gendered effects of pay for performance among family physicians for chronic disease care: an economic evaluation in a context of universal health coverage

Table 2 Difference-in-differences matching regression estimates (and associated standard errors) of the effects of P4P for diabetes care on healthcare costs, by provider’s sex

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Physician workforce costs	Hospital costs for diabetes	Hospital costs for comorbid conditions	All-cause healthcare costs
Baseline cohort: adult patients diagnosed with diabetes before the study period
Female providers	0.218* (0.024)	0.049 (0.021)	0.082 (0.035)	0.265* (0.031)
Male providers	0.152* (0.011)	0.002 (0.014)	− 0.011 (0.024)	0.188* (0.018)
Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes adult patient cohort
Female providers	0.207* (0.059)	− 0.059 (0.048)	− 0.200 (0.106)	0.184 (0.094)
Male providers	0.179* (0.042)	− 0.091 (0.041)	− 0.108 (0.089)	0.169 (0.074)

Note: *p < 0.01. Coefficients (and robust standard errors) calculated using propensity score difference-in-differences estimation. Outcomes are log healthcare costs in inflation-adjusted Canadian dollars. Matching variables include patient’s age group, sex, urban/rural residence, comorbid conditions (hypertension, ischemic heart disease), and physician practice variables (remuneration model, practice size). Baseline cohort includes adults aged 35 and over diagnosed with diabetes before the period of observation (N = 42 896). Newly diagnosed cohort includes adults 35 and over diagnosed with diabetes in the year before the introduction of the P4P scheme (N = 6656). Models are split by the sex of the patient’s most responsible provider
Source: Linked provincial administrative health datasets

ISSN: 1478-4491