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Table 3 Coefficients (and associated standard errors) from the propensity-score adjusted difference-in-differences regressions for the effects of pay for performance on healthcare costs among adult patients diagnosed with diabetes before the study period (baseline cohort), by provider’s sex

From: Gendered effects of pay for performance among family physicians for chronic disease care: an economic evaluation in a context of universal health coverage

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Physician workforce costs

Hospital costs for diabetes

Hospital costs for comorbid conditions

All-cause healthcare costs

Exposed group

Control group

Exposed group

Control group

Exposed group

Control group

Exposed group

Control group

1. Female providers

 Pre-P4P

6.266

6.319

0.099

0.192

0.366

0.629

6.485

6.741

 Difference

− 0.053** (0.016)

− 0.092** (0.018)

− 2.63** (0.023)

− 0.256** (0.022)

 Post-P4P

6.503

6.339

0.100

0.144

0.411

0.591

6.763

6.754

 Difference

0.165** (0.015)

− 0.044** (0.014)

− 0.181** (0.023)

0.009 (0.019)

 Diff-in-diff

0.218** (0.024)

0.049* (0.021)

0.082* (0.035)

0.265** (0.031)

2. Male providers

 Pre-P4P

6.229

6.321

0.108

0.180

0.405

0.660

6.462

6.760

 Difference

− 0.093** (0.010)

− 0.071** (0.010)

− 0.255** (0.018)

− 0.298** (0.015)

 Post-P4P

6.460

6.400

0.118

0.187

0.444

0.710

6.726

6.837

 Difference

0.059** (0.008)

−0.069** (0.009)

− 0.266** (0.018)

− 0.111** (0.011)

 Diff-in-diff

0.152** (0.011)

0.002 (0.014)

−0.011 (0.024)

0.188** (0.018)

  1. Note: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Coefficients (with a bootstrap estimation of robust standard errors in parentheses) calculated using propensity score difference-in-differences estimation. Outcomes are log healthcare costs in inflation-adjusted Canadian dollars. Matching variables include patient’s age group, sex, urban/rural residence, comorbid conditions (hypertension, ischemic heart disease), and physician practice variables (remuneration model, practice size). Baseline cohort includes adults aged 35 and over diagnosed with diabetes before the period of observation (N = 42 896). Models are split by the sex of the patient’s most responsible provider
  2. Source: Linked provincial administrative health datasets