Gendered effects of pay for performance among family physicians for chronic disease care: an economic evaluation in a context of universal health coverage

Table 4 Coefficients (and associated standard errors) from the propensity-score adjusted difference-in-differences regressions for the effects of pay for performance on healthcare costs among adults diagnosed with diabetes in the year before the introduction of the P4P scheme (newly diagnosed cohort), by provider’s sex

	(1)		(2)		(3)		(4)
	Physician workforce costs		Hospital costs for diabetes		Hospital costs for comorbid conditions		All-cause healthcare costs
	Exposed group	Control group	Exposed group	Control group	Exposed group	Control group	Exposed group	Control group
1. Female providers
Pre-P4P	6.166	6.171	0.145	0.106	0.464	0.423	6.385	6.488
Difference	− 0.005 (0.048)		0.039 (0.041)		0.041 (0.076)		− 0.103 (0.084)
Post-P4P	6.249	6.046	0.030	0.050	0.223	0.383	6.426	6.345
Difference	0.203** (0.040)		− 0.020 (0.025)		− 0.159* (0.069)		0.081 (0.057)
Diff-in-diff	0.207** (0.059)		− 0.059 (0.048)		− 0.200 (0.106)		0.184* (0.094)
2. Male providers
Pre-P4P	6.089	6.107	0.163	0.123	0.478	0.582	6.331	6.458
Difference	− 0.019 (0.042)		0.040 (0.036)		− 0.104 (0.074)		− 0.127* (0.063)
Post-P4P	6.207	6.046	0.054	0.105	0.267	0.479	6.387	6.344
Difference	0.161** (0.026)		−0.051* (0.020)		− 0.212** (0.051)		0.042 (0.038)
Diff-in-diff	0.179** (0.042)		− 0.091* (0.041)		− 0.108 (0.089)		0.169* (0.074)

Note: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Coefficients (with a bootstrap estimation of robust standard errors in parentheses) calculated using propensity score difference-in-differences estimation. Outcomes are log healthcare costs in inflation-adjusted Canadian dollars. Matching variables include patient’s age group, sex, urban/rural residence, comorbid conditions (hypertension, ischemic heart disease), and physician practice variables (remuneration model, practice size). Newly diagnosed cohort includes adults 35 and over diagnosed with diabetes in the year before the introduction of the P4P scheme (N = 6 656). Models are split by the sex of the patient’s most responsible provider
Source: Linked provincial administrative health datasets

ISSN: 1478-4491