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Table 4 Practice intentions among FM residents exiting programs in 2016 and 2017, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for sex/gender and parenthood

From: The relationship between gender, parenthood and practice intentions among family medicine residents: cross-sectional analysis of national Canadian survey data

FMLS question (question number, response count)

Sex/gender and parenthood

Unadjusted odds

Adjusted odds

 

Reference category male, non-parent

Will commit to providing comprehensive care to the same group of patients in first 3 years of practice (Q17, N = 1 607)

Male, parent

2.12 (1.42–3.16)

1.64 (1.03–2.60)

Female, non-parent

1.27 (1.00–1.62)

1.17 (0.891.52)

Female, parent

2.21 (1.51–3.23)

1.77 (1.13–2.77)

Agree with the statement: “I am confident in my current ability to provide comprehensive care to the same group of patients over time.” (Q19, N = 1 611)

Male, parent

0.87 (0.46–1.64)

0.86 (0.421.79)

Female, non-parent

1.12 (0.72–1.76)

1.13 (0.711.79)

Female, parent

1.12 (0.59–2.15)

1.16 (0.562.42)

Comprehensive care delivered in one clinical setting (e.g., office-based) (Q16a, N = 1 612)

Male, parent

0.87 (0.61–1.24)

0.71 (0.471.06)

Female, non-parent

1.21 (0.96–1.55)

1.34 (1.04–1.71)

Female, parent

1.90 (1.32–2.72)*

1.53 (1.02–2.29)

Comprehensive care provided across multiple clinical settings (e.g., in-hospital, long-term care, office) (Q16b, 1 614)

Male, parent

0.83 (0.56–1.24)

0.70 (0.451.10)

Female, non-parent

1.17 (0.89–1.54)

1.10 (0.831.47)

Female, parent

0.73 (0.51–1.06)

0.69 (0.451.05)

Comprehensive care that includes a special interest (e.g., sports medicine, emergency medicine, palliative care, etc.) (Q16c, N = 1 614)

Male, parent

0.97 (0.66–1.42)

0.99 (0.651.50)

Female, non-parent

0.97 (0.75–1.24)

0.94 (0.731.21)

Female, parent

0.79 (0.55–1.12)

0.82 (0.551.21)

Practice focused on specific clinical areas (e.g., sports medicine, maternity care, emergency medicine, palliative care, hospital medicine) (Q16d, N = 1 611)

Male, parent

0.64 (0.44–0.94)

0.72 (0.471.11)

Female, non-parent

0.75 (0.59–0.96)

0.72 (0.56–0.92)

Female, parent

0.47 (0.32–0.69)

0.52 (0.34–0.80)

Solo practice (Q15a, N = 1 600)

Male, parent

0.99 (0.53–1.85)

0.93 (0.451.91)

Female, non-parent

0.77 (0.50–1.18)

0.84 (0.531.31)

Female, parent

0.65 (0.33–1.27)

0.60 (0.281.28)*

Group physician practice (Q15b, N = 1 612)

Male, parent

1.56 (0.79–3.11)

1.80 (0.823.95)

Female, non-parent

2.75 (1.69–4.46)

2.75 (1.67–4.53)

Female, parent

2.30 (1.10–4.83)

2.81 (1.23–6.42)

Interprofessional team-based practice (Q15c, N = 1 609)

Male, parent

1.04 (0.65–1.66)

1.03 (0.601.77)

Female, non-parent

3.19 (2.18–4.66)

3.00 (2.03–4.42)

Female, parent

1.06 (0.68–1.64)*

1.05 (0.621.76)*

Practice that includes teaching health profession learners (Q15d, N = 1 606)

Male, parent

1.37 (0.87–2.16)

1.42 (0.852.38)

Female, non-parent

1.14 (0.86–1.52)

1.27 (0.951.72)

Female, parent

0.81 (0.55–1.19)*

0.88 (0.561.38)*

Care across the life cycle (Q21a, N = 1 612)

Male, parent

1.27 (0.72–2.23)

1.38 (0.732.63)

Female, non-parent

1.98 (1.34–2.92)

1.95 (1.30–2.91)

Female, parent

2.17 (1.16–4.06)

2.59 (1.29–5.19)

Intrapartum care (Q21b, N = 1 608)

Male, parent

2.11 (1.43–3.10)

2.20 (1.43–3.37)

Female, non-parent

2.81 (2.15–3.68)

3.05 (2.32–4.02)

Female, parent

3.61 (2.52–5.16)*

3.89 (2.60–5.82)*

Mental health care (Q21c, N = 1 608)

Male, parent

1.16 (0.69–1.96)

1.32 (0.732.40)

Female, non-parent

1.81 (1.26–2.61)

1.85 (1.27–2.70)

Female, parent

1.65 (0.96–2.84)

2.09 (1.13–3.86)

Chronic disease management (Q21d, N = 1 605)

Male, parent

1.07 (0.57–1.99)

1.00 (0.492.03)

Female, non-parent

1.79 (1.15–2.81)

1.93 (1.22–3.07)

Female, parent

3.33 (1.39–8.00)

3.54 (1.38–9.12)

Palliative care/end of life care (Q21e, N = 1 607)

Male, parent

1.29 (0.87–1.90)

1.17 (0.751.81)

Female, non-parent

0.83 (0.65–1.06)

0.87 (0.681.13)

Female, parent

0.84 (0.60–1.20)

0.82 (0.541.22)

Office-based clinical procedures (Q21f, N = 1 603)

Male, parent

1.26 (0.77–2.06)

1.13 (0.661.96)

Female, non-parent

1.25 (0.91–1.71)

1.39 (1.01–1.93)

Female, parent

1.00 (0.64–1.54)

1.00 (0.611.64)

In-hospital clinical procedures (e.g., chest tube insertion, adult lumbar puncture, nasogastric tube insertion) (Q21g, N = 1 609)

Male, parent

0.83 (0.58–1.18)

0.71 (0.471.06)

Female, non-parent

0.50 (0.39–0.63)

0.49 (0.38–0.63)

Female, parent

0.35 (0.24–0.50)*

0.30 (0.20–0.44)

Emergency departments (Q21h, N = 1 610)

Male, parent

1.00 (0.70–1.42)

0.82 (0.551.23)

Female, non-parent

0.47 (0.37–0.59)

0.46 (0.36–0.59)

Female, parent

0.32 (0.22–0.45)

0.26 (0.17–0.39)

In-hospital (Q21i, 1 607)

Male, parent

1.08 (0.74 –1.56)

0.98 (0.651.50)

Female, non-parent

0.77 (0.61–0.99)

0.76 (0.59–0.98)

Female, parent

0.50 (0.35–0.69)*

0.49 (0.33–0.73)

Care in the home (Q21j, N = 1 609)

Male, parent

1.02 (0.71–1.45)

0.86 (0.571.29)

Female, non-parent

1.02 (0.80–1.29)

1.07 (0.841.37)

Female, parent

0.93 (0.67–1.31)

0.79 (0.531.16)

Long-term care facilities (Q21k, N = 1 609)

Male, parent

1.60 (1.12–2.29)

1.51 (1.00–2.25)

Female, non-parent

0.94 (0.74–1.20)

1.03 (0.801.32)

Female, parent

0.95 (0.68–1.34)

0.93 (0.631.37)*

Marginalized, disadvantaged, and vulnerable populations (Q21l, N = 1 606)

Male, parent

1.22 (0.85–1.74)

1.08 (0.711.63)

Female, non-parent

1.00 (0.79–1.27)

1.19 (0.921.52)

Female, parent

0.96 (0.69–1.35)

0.89 (0.601.32)

Rural populations (Q21m, N = 1 532)

Male, parent

1.27 (0.88–1.83)

0.93 (0.611.42)

Female, non-parent

0.86 (0.67–1.09)

0.84 (0.651.09)

Female, parent

0.89 (0.63–1.26)

0.65 (0.43–0.98)

Elderly populations (Q21n, N = 1 531)

Male, parent

1.01 (0.56–1.84)

1.17 (0.582.37)

Female, non-parent

1.16 (0.77–1.74)

1.17 (0.751.81)

Female, parent

1.30 (0.70–2.41)

1.77 (0.843.71)

First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (Q21o, N = 1 610

Male, parent

1.26 (0.89–1.80)

1.01 (0.661.54)

Female, non-parent

0.82 (0.65–1.04)

0.98 (0.751.27)

Female, parent

0.77 (0.55–1.08)

0.67 (0.441.01)

  1. *Indicates the effect of parenthood is significantly different for male and female residents (i.e., the interaction term, or the ratio of odds ratios (female parents/female non-parents)/(male parents/male non-parents) is significantly different from 1 at p < 0.05). NOTE: odds ratios significant at p<0.05 are indicated in italics
  2. Full regression results, including odds ratios for all control variables, are presented in Appendix 2