Table 3 Gender ratio, gender wage gap and healthcare occupation wage ratio by country group and year, with average annual percentage change (AAPC)

HIC

0.80 (5 573)

0.78 (4 904)

0.79 (7 581)

0.79 (3 616)

0.82 (4 571)

0.82 (4 983)

0.83 (4 521)

0.82 (3 968)

0.82 (5 973)

0.7*

UMIC

0.57 (280)

0.70 (852)

0.68 (1 220)

0.66 (788)

0.71 (1 105)

0.81 (2 220)

0.81 (2 456)

0.80 (1 468)

0.80 (1 291)

3.9*

LMIC

0.67 (7)

0.67 (28)

0.47 (72)

0.53 (142)

0.70 (945)

0.72 (992)

0.70 (603)

0.72 (615)

2.8

HIC

0.68 (1 162)

0.74 (763)

0.72 (1 317)

0.67 (912)

0.71 (756)

0.73 (924)

0.73 (741)

0.78 (598)

0.75 (930)

1.1

UMIC

0.50 (93)

0.45 (421)

0.54 (691)

0.42 (650)

0.57 (820)

0.63 (1 315)

0.68 (1 254)

0.68 (683)

0.70 (614)

5.8*

LMIC

0.36 (10)

0.33 (27)

0.27 (44)

0.37 (113)

0.57 (698)

0.62 (631)

0.54 (441)

0.57 (306)

4.5

HIC

0.73 (6 735)

0.75 (5 667)

0.74 (8 898)

0.71 (4 628)

0.76 (5 327)

0.76 (5 907)

0.77 (5 262)

0.79 (4 566)

0.79 (6 903)

1.1*

UMIC

0.52 (373)

0.50 (1 273)

0.57 (1 911)

0.47 (1 438)

0.60 (1 925)

0.68 (3 535)

0.71 (3 710)

0.72 (2 151)

0.73 (1 905)

5.6*

LMIC

0.41 (17)

0.36 (55)

0.30 (116)

0.41 (255)

0.60 (1 643)

0.65 (1 623)

0.58 (1 044)

0.62 (921)

6.4

HIC

0.47 (137 408)

0.42 (109 434)

0.40 (178 940)

0.42 (87 713)

0.41 (90 844)

0.43 (100 617)

0.43 (84 755)

0.44 (75 334)

0.43 (101 321)

0

UMIC

0.40 (14 109)

0.42 (37 369)

0.45 (79 430)

0.36 (46 728)

0.44 (61 254)

0.49 (121 838)

0.53 (114 178)

0.53 (67 127)

0.54 (48 887)

4.3*

LMIC

0.20 (3 154)

0.24 (938)

0.19 (5 967)

0.23 (8 731)

0.22 (17 188)

0.41 (72 928)

0.44 (58 797)

0.39 (42 214)

0.41 (31 209)

11.8*

HIC

0.10 (0.14)

0.18 (0.26)

0.17 (0.26)

0.22 (0.28)

0.27 (0.46)

0.21 (0.30)

0.22 (0.33)

0.23 (0.35)

0.18 (0.39)

15.4

UMIC

0.14 (0.39)

− 0.01 (0.01)

− 0.11 (0.34)

0.05 (0.13)

0.33 (0.94)

0.21 (0.47)

0.39 (1.31)

0.18 (0.48)

0.36 (0.87)

14.9*

LMIC

0.95 (1.14)

0.80 (1.83)

0.17 (0.39)

0.73 (2.05)

0.61 (2.48)

0.51 (1.40)

0.80 (2.27)

0.21 (0.87)

4.8

HIC

0.38 (0.51)

0.27 (0.42)

0.33 (0.49)

0.40 (0.50)

0.53 (0.81)

0.45 (0.74)

0.48 (0.61)

0.27 (0.44)

0.23 (0.45)

0.6

UMIC

− 0.03 (0.08)

0.25 (0.58)

0.30 (0.62)

0.24 (0.58)

0.36 (0.83)

0.26 (0.52)

0.17 (0.49)

0.50 (1.21)

0.54 (1.20)

11.3*

LMIC

0.81 (1.32)

− 1.01 (1.55)

0.23 (0.34)

0.40 (1.10)

0.24 (0.81)

0.36 (0.73)

0.51 (1.52)

0.43 (1.44)

3.9

HIC

0.26 (0.38)

0.24 (0.36)

0.25 (0.39)

0.29 (0.38)

0.38 (0.63)

0.33 (0.50)

0.34 (0.48)

0.26 (0.41)

0.24 (0.51)

1

UMIC

0.09 (0.25)

0.15 (0.38)

0.12 (0.32)

0.23 (0.58)

0.37 (0.97)

0.26 (0.56)

0.31 (1.00)

0.36 (1.05)

0.47 (1.14)

20.7*

LMIC

0.87 (1.22)

0.27 (0.74)

0.20 (0.39)

0.54 (1.78)

0.47 (1.75)

0.47 (1.13)

0.70 (2.71)

0.36 (1.39)

1.1

HIC

0.21 (0.29)

0.22 (0.34)

0.21 (0.34)

0.23 (0.33)

0.24 (0.45)

0.22 (0.41)

0.24 (0.39)

0.23 (0.39)

0.20 (0.42)

0.2

UMIC

0.09 (0.26)

0.16 (0.45)

0.14 (0.37)

0.21 (0.52)

0.29 (0.68)

0.23 (0.55)

0.33 (0.81)

0.34 (0.84)

0.33 (0.79)

16.7*

LMIC

0.41 (1.28)

0.28 (0.65)

0.18 (0.39)

0.35 (1.10)

0.47 (1.45)

0.45 (1.40)

0.49 (1.73)

0.58 (1.97)

0.52 (1.67)

9.2*

HIC

0.97 (0.92,1.02)

0.94 (0.85,1.03)

0.94 (0.85,1.03)

0.94 (0.82,1.05)

0.92 (0.78,1.07)

0.90 (0.79,1.00)

0.92 (0.80,1.03)

0.98 (0.86,1.11)

0.87 (0.78,0.96)

− 0.6 (− 1.3, − 0.1)

UMIC

1.05 (0.97,1.13)

0.98 (0.98,0.98)

0.96 (1.01,0.91)

0.88 (0.85,0.90)

0.92 (0.74,1.10)

0.84 (0.75,0.95)

1.07 (0.81,1.33)

0.87 (0.78,0.95)

0.90 (0.70,1.10)

− 1.3 (− 4.2*, 1.0)

LMIC

0.85 (0.08,1.62)

0.39 (1.13,0.64)

0.40 (0.36,0.44)

0.34 (0.15,0.54)

0.78 (0.44,1.13)

0.51 (0.34,0.69)

0.66 (0.22,1.11)

0.46 (0.41,0.52)

− 1.4 (8.2, − 3.2)

HIC

1.47 (1.13,1.83)

1.40 (1.18,1.62)

1.40 (1.12,1.68)

1.14 (0.86,1.43)

1.45 (0.93,1.98)

1.30 (0.92,1.68)

1.36 (0.93,1.79)

1.31 (1.10,1.52)

1.45 (1.26,1.63)

− 0.4 (− 0.1, − 0.6)

UMIC

1.32 (1.34,1.29)

1.34 (1.16,1.54)

1.28 (1.05,1.50)

1.23 (1.07,1.40)

1.15 (0.90,1.40)

0.94 (0.80,1.09)

1.07 (0.97,1.18)

1.14 (0.77,1.52)

1.22 (0.07,1.54)

− 2.9* (− 6.8*, − 0.2)

LMIC

0.70 (0.23,1.18)

0.40 (0.53,0.26)

0.42 (0.36,0.47)

0.76 (0.57,0.95)

0.76 (0.66,0.86)

0.70 (0.55,0.86)

0.65 (0.43,0.87)

0.74 (0.53,0.94)

5.4 (7.9, 7.6)

HIC

1.11 (0.94,1.27)

1.03 (0.89,1.17)

0.04 (0.88,1.19)

1.00 (0.83,1.17)

0.04 (0.80,1.28)

1.01 (0.81,1.20)

1.03 (0.82,1.23)

1.04 (0.89,1.20)

0.96 (0.83,1.09)

− 0.9 (− 1.1, − 0.7)

UMIC

1.12 (1.07,1.18)

1.12 (1.03,1.21)

1.10 (1.03,1.17)

1.06 (0.92,1.19)

1.03 (0.79,1.26)

0.90 (0.76,1.03)

1.05 (0.86,1.25)

1.00 (0.78,1.22)

1.01 (0.70,1.32)

− 1.6 (− 5.0*, 0.8)

LMIC

0.65 (0.48,0.83)

0.77 (0.18,1.35)

0.41 (0.35,0.47)

0.41 (0.36,0.45)

0.54 (0.34,0.75)

0.75 (0.52,0.98)

0.59 (0.41,0.78)

0.64 (0.29,0.98)

0.56 (0.44,0.68)

0.3 (3.2, 0.0)