Table 2 Full list of articles included in review organized according to topic category
From: The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review
Career challenges | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | World Bank income group | Country | Study design | Population size | Gender distribution (F/M) % Female | Funding source |
2020 | A Call to Action: Black/African American Women Surgeon Scientists, Where are They? [87] | High income | United States | Retrospective review | n = 123 | Not reported | |
2020 | A Report on the Representation of Women in Academic Plastic Surgery Leadership. [88] | High income | United States | Retrospective review | Not reported | ||
2020 | Gender and academic promotion of Canadian general surgeons: a cross-sectional study. [89] | High income | Canada | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 405 | (111/294) 27% | Not reported |
2020 | Gender Disparities Among Burn Surgery Leadership. [90] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 581 | (58/523) 10% | No funding |
2020 | Gender Disparity Among Surgical Peer-Reviewed Literature. [91] | High income | United States | Retrospective review | Not reported | ||
2020 | Influence of gender on career expectations of oral and maxillofacial surgeons.[92] | Lower middle, upper middle and high income | Egypt Jordan Saudi Arabia | Questionnaire | n = 110 | (40/70) 36% | Not reported |
2020 | Perceptions on gender disparity in surgery and surgical leadership: A multicenter mixed methods study. [93] | High income | United states | Mixed methods | n = 36 | (14/22) 39% | No funding |
2020 | Gender disparities in academic vascular surgeons. [94] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 951 | (117/774) 19% | Not reported |
2020 | Gender disparity and sexual harassment in vascular surgery practices. [95] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 149 | (33/116) 22% | Not reported |
2019 | Barriers to careers identified by women in academic surgery: A grounded theory model. [21] | High income | United States | Semi-structured interviews | n = 15 | 100% | No funding |
2019 | Female Representation and Implicit Gender Bias at the 2017 American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' Annual Scientific and Tripartite Meeting.[96] | High income | United States | Prospective observational study | n = 1532 | 100% | No funding |
2019 | Gender differences among surgical fellowship program directors.[97] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 811 | Not reported | |
2019 | Is Gender Associated With Success in Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery?[98] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 306 | (53/253) 17% | Not reported |
2019 | Military Medicine and the Academic Surgery Gender Gap. [99] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 2125 | (376/1749) 18% | Not reported |
2019 | Assessment of Gender Differences in Perceptions of Work–Life Integration Among Head and Neck Surgeons. [100] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 261 | (71/190) 27% | Not reported |
2019 | A woman's place is in theatre: women's perceptions and experiences of working in surgery from the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland women in surgery working group. [24] | High income | United Kingdom Ireland | Questionnaire | n = 81 | 100% | Not-for-profit sponsored |
2019 | Despite Growing Number of Women Surgeons, Authorship Gender Disparity in Orthopaedic Literature Persists Over 30 Years. [101] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 6 | Not reported | |
2019 | Editorial (Spring) Board? Gender Composition in High-impact General Surgery Journals Over 20 Years. [102] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 10 | Public-Sponsored | |
2019 | Gender Disparity in Surgery: An Evaluation of Surgical Societies. [103] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 587 | (135/452) 23% | Not reported |
2019 | Gender representation in leadership roles in UK surgical societies. [3] | High income | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 20,803 | (2446/18,357) 12% | No funding |
2019 | Is there a gender bias in the advancement to SAGES leadership? [104] | High income | United States | Retrospective longitudinal analysis | n = 1546 | (323/1223) 21% | Not reported |
2019 | Change Is Happening: An Evaluation of Gender Disparities in Academic Plastic Surgery. [105] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 938 | (186/752) 20% | No funding |
2019 | Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment. [106] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 841 | (80/761) 10% | Not reported |
2019 | Gender Disparity in Leadership Positions of General Surgical Societies in North America, Europe, and Oceania. [20] | High income | United States Australia New Zealand (Europe)Δ | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis | Not reported | ||
2019 | Practice patterns and work environments that influence gender inequality among academic surgeons. [107] | High income | United States | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis | n = 51 | (10/41) 20% | No funding |
2019 | Female Neurosurgeons in Europe-On a Prevailing Glass Ceiling. [16] | Lower middle Upper middle and High income | 22 Countries† | Questionnaire | n = 116 | 100% | No funding |
2018 | Female Surgeons as Counter Stereotype: The Impact of Gender Perceptions on Trainee Evaluations of Physician Faculty. [108] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 1066 | (467/599) 44% | Not reported |
2018 | Organizational barriers to and facilitators for female surgeons' career progression: a systematic review. [109] | High income | United Kingdom United States Canada | Systematic review | No funding | ||
2017 | Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments? [110] | High income | United States | Systematic review | 100% | Not reported | |
2017 | E-WIN Project 2016: Evaluating the Current Gender Situation in Neurosurgery Across Europe-An Interactive, Multiple-Level Survey [17] | Lower middle Upper middle and High income | 35 countries* | Questionnaire | n = 12,985 | 12% | Not reported |
2017 | Gender Differences in the Professional and Personal Lives of Plastic Surgeons [111] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 757 | (309/448) 41% | Not reported |
2016 | Gender Differences in Pediatric Orthopedics: What Are the Implications for the Future Workforce? [112] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 62 | (18/44) 29% | Not reported |
2016 | The erasure of gender in academic surgery: a qualitative study. [113] | High income | Canada | Qualitative interviews | n = 8 | 100% | Not reported |
2015 | Surgeons in Difficulty: An Exploration of Differences in Assistance-Seeking Behaviors between Male and Female Surgeons. [114] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 192 | (113/79) 59% | Not reported |
2015 | Women in surgery: factors deterring women from being surgeons in Zimbabwe. [27] | Lower middle income | Zimbabwe | Questionnaire | n = 159 | (74/85) 46% | Not reported |
2014 | Gender inequality in career advancement for females in Japanese academic surgery. [115] | High income | Japan | Quantitative/evaluation study | n = 787 | (132/655) 17% | Not reported |
2013 | Perceived gender-based barriers to careers in academic surgery. [116] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 154 | (70/84) 46% | Not reported |
2011 | Is there still a glass ceiling for women in academic surgery? [22] | High income | United States | Scoping review | 100% | Not reported | |
2011 | Under representation of women in surgery in Nigeria: by choice or by design?[25] | Lower middle income | Nigeria | Questionnaire | n = 105 | 100% | Not reported |
2010 | Women in surgery: a survey in Switzerland. [23] | High income | Switzerland | Questionnaire | n = 189 | 100% | No funding |
2009 | Practice patterns and career satisfaction of Canadian female general surgeons [117] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 85 | 100% | Not reported |
2006 | Challenges confronting female surgical leaders: Overcoming the barriers [26] | High income | United States | Semi-structure interviews | n = 10 | 100% | Not reported |
2004 | Women in academic general surgery.[118] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 317 | (149/168) 47% | Not Reported |
2004 | Professional satisfaction of women in surgery: results of a national study. [119] | High income | Austria | Questionnaire | n = 206 | 100% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2001 | Collective contributions of women to cardiothoracic surgery: a perspective review. [120] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 84 | 100% | Not reported |
2000 | Perceived obstacles to career success for women in academic surgery. [121] | High income | United States | Questionnaire/systematic review | n = 54 | (9/45) 17% | Not reported |
1996 | Women in oral and maxillofacial surgery: factors affecting career choices, attitudes, and practice characteristics. [122] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 107 | 100% | Not reported |
Residency and training | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | World Bank Income Group | Country | Study design | Population size | Gender distribution (M/F) % Female | Funding source |
2020 | Barriers to Women Entering Surgical Careers: A Global Study into Medical Student Perceptions. [18] | All levels | 75 Countriesψ | Questionnaire | n = 639 | (374/265) 59% | Not reported |
2020 | Sexual Harassment and Cardiothoracic Surgery: #UsToo? [15] | Unknown | Unknown∓ | Questionnaire | n = 790 | (185/591) 23% | Not reported |
2020 | Women Continue to Be Underrepresented in Surgery: A Study of AMA and ACGME Data from 2000 to 2016. [123] | High income | United States | Retrospective Review | Not Reported | ||
2020 | Women in otolaryngology in Turkey: Insight of gender equality, career development and work–life balance. [29] | Upper middle income | Turkey | Questionnaire | n = 156 | 100% | No funding |
2019 | Paradox of meritocracy in surgical selection, and of variation in the attractiveness of individual specialties: to what extent are women still disadvantaged?[124] | High income | Australia New Zealand | Cross-Sectional Analysis | n = 5288 | Not reported | |
2019 | Gender Differences in Case Volume Among Ophthalmology Residents. [125] | High income | United States | Retrospective longitudinal analysis | n = 1271 | (456/815) 36% | Private-sponsored |
2019 | Understanding the Barriers to Reporting Sexual Harassment in Surgical Training. [41] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 270 | (120/143) 44% | Not reported |
2019 | Why do women leave surgical training? A qualitative and feminist study. [46] | High income | Australia New Zealand | Qualitative interviews | n = 12 | 100% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2019 | Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents. [126] | High income | United States | Qualitative analysis | n = 143 | (51/92) 36% | Public sponsored |
2019 | Female Medical Student Retention in Neurosurgery: A Multifaceted Approach. [51] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 104 | 100% | Not reported |
2019 | Gender Bias Experiences of Female Surgical Trainees. [43] | High income | United States | Mixed methods | n = 48 | 100% | University-sponsored |
2018 | A qualitative study on perceptions of surgical careers in Rwanda: A gender-based approach. [30] | Low income | Rwanda | Semi-structured interviews | n = 12 | (6/6) 50% | No funding |
2018 | A qualitative study of gender differences in the experiences of general surgery trainees. [36] | High income | United States | Structured interviews | n = 42 | (18/24) 43% | No Funding |
2018 | Burnout and gender in surgical training: A call to re-evaluate coping and dysfunction. [127] | High income | United States | National survey | n = 566 | (288/278) 51% | No funding |
2017 | Does gender impact on female doctors ‘experiences in the training and practice of surgery? A single center study. [28] | Upper middle income | South Africa | Questionnaire | n = 32 | 100% | Not reported |
2016 | Understanding and Overcoming Implicit Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery. [35] | High income | United States | Systematic review | Not reported | ||
2016 | A Values Affirmation Intervention to Improve Female Residents' Surgical Performance. [49] | High income | United States | Randomized control trial | n = 93 | (32/61) 35% | University-sponsored |
2016 | Exploring the Relationship Between Stereotype Perception and Residents' Well-Being. [37] | High income | United States | Correlation study | n = 384 | (189/195) 49% | University-sponsored |
2016 | Medical School Experiences Shape Women Students' Interest in Orthopaedic Surgery. [38] | High income | United States United Kingdom | Systematic Review | Not reported | ||
2016 | Mentorship as Experienced by Women Surgeons in Japan. [52] | High income | Japan | Questionnaire | n = 55 | 100% | Not reported |
2016 | Women in academic surgery: why is the playing field still not level? [34] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 81 | 100% | No funding |
2015 | Gender differences in the acquisition of surgical skills: a systematic review. [48] | High income | United States United Kingdom Sweden Canada Denmark Switzerland | Systematic review | n = 2106 | Not reported | |
2015 | Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice. [39] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 334 | 100% | No funding |
2013 | Women in surgical residency training programs. [5] | High income | United States | Cross-Sectional Analysis | Not reported | ||
2013 | Gender-related perceptions of careers in surgery among new medical graduates: results of a cross-sectional study. [128] | High income | United Kingdom | Questionnaire | n = 208 | (130/78) 63% | Not reported |
2013 | The only girl in the room: how paradigmatic trajectories deter female students from surgical careers [45] | High income | United Kingdom | Semi-structure interviews | n = 19 | 60% | University-sponsored |
2011 | Differences in final product of a bowel anastomosis of male and female novice surgeons. [47] | high income | United Kingdom | Non-randomized control trial | n = 36 | (18/18) 50% | Not reported |
2011 | Women in surgery residency programs: evolving trends from a national perspective. [129] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | Not reported | ||
2009 | Burnout in Australasian Younger Fellows. [130] | High income | Australia | Questionnaire | n = 277 | (52/225) 19% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2009 | Sex and the orthopaedic surgeon: a survey of patient, medical student and male orthopaedic surgeon attitudes towards female orthopaedic surgeons. [44] | High income | United Kingdom | Questionnaire | n = 561 | (284/277) 51% | Not reported |
2006 | Women in surgery: do we really understand the deterrents? [42] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 141 | (90/51) 64% | Not reported |
2005 | The training needs and priorities of male and female surgeons and their trainees. [40] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 4308 | (1034/3274) 24% | Not reported |
2005 | Why are women deterred from general surgery training? [33] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 417 | (314/103) 75% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2002 | Perceptions of women medical students and their influence on career choice. [50] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 305 | 100% | Not reported |
2000 | The influence of gender and specialty on reporting of abusive and discriminatory behaviour by medical students, residents and physician teachers.[31] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 569 | (212/357) 38% | Not reported |
2000 | A surgical career? The views of junior women doctors. [131] | High income | United Kingdom | Structured interviews | n = 24 | (12/12) 50% | Not reported |
1996 | Do Canadian female surgeons feel discriminated against as women? [32] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 419 | 100% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
Family and work–life balance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | World Bank Income Group | Country | Study design | Population size | Gender distribution (M/F) % Female | Funding source |
2020 | Surgeon Experience with Parental Leave Policies Varies Based on Practice Setting. [132] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 477 | 100% | No funding |
2019 | Surgical trainees' experience of pregnancy, maternity and paternity leave: a cross-sectional study. [61] | High income | United Kingdom | Questionnaire | n = 876 | (555/321) 63% | No funding |
2019 | An Analysis of Differences in the Number of Children for Female and Male Plastic Surgeons [59] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 757 | 309/448 41% | No funding |
2019 | Policies and practice regarding pregnancy and maternity leave: An international survey. [19] | Lower middle Upper middle High income | United States United Kingdom Canada Nigeria Australia China Sweden Ireland Israel Finland Italy South Africa° | Questionnaire | n = 1111 | 100% | No funding |
2018 | Factors Associated With Residency and Career Dissatisfaction in Childbearing Surgical Residents. [55] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 347 | 100% | Not reported |
2018 | Pregnancy and Motherhood During Surgical Training. [69] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 342 | 100% | Not reported |
2018 | Women in surgery: A longer term follow-up. [133] | High income | United States | Cross-Sectional Analysis | n = 108 | (26/82) 24% | Not-for-profited sponsored |
2018 | Female trainees believe that having children will negatively impact their careers: results of a quantitative survey of trainees at an academic medical center [67] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 435 | 261/174 60% | University-sponsored |
2018 | Perspectives of pregnancy and motherhood among general surgery residents: A qualitative analysis [134] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 219 | 100% | Not reported |
2017 | WOMEN IN SURGERY—an overview of the evolving trends in Nigeria. [53] | Lower middle income | Nigeria | Questionnaire | n = 60 | 100% | Not reported |
2017 | Gender differences in academic surgery, work–life balance, and satisfaction. [73] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 243 | (76/167) 31.3% | Not reported |
2017 | Career intentions of female surgeons in German liver transplant centers considering family and lifestyle priorities. [135] | High income | Germany | Questionnaire | n = 81 | 100% | Not reported |
2016 | Factors that Can Promote or Impede the Advancement of Women as Leaders in Surgery: Results from an International Survey. [76] | High income | United States Japan Finland Hong Kong (SAR, China) | Questionnaire | n = 225 | 100% | Not reported |
2016 | Suturing the gender gap: Income, marriage, and parenthood among Japanese Surgeons. [136] | High income | Japan | Questionnaire | n = 1938 | (846/1092) 43.7% | Not reported |
2016 | Biographic Characteristics and Factors Perceived as Affecting Female and Male Careers in Academic Surgery: The Tenured Gender Battle to Make It to the Top. [70] | High income | Germany | Questionnaire | n = 133 | (63/70) 47.4% | No funding |
2016 | Why Do Women Choose to Enter Academic Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery? [58] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 31 | 100% | Not reported |
2016 | Working Conditions and Lifestyle of Female Surgeons Affiliated to the Japan Neurosurgical Society: Findings of Individual and Institutional Surveys. [63] | High income | Japan | Questionnaire | n = 224 | 100% | Not reported |
2015 | 'You become a man in a man's world': is there discursive space for women in surgery? [137] | High income | United Kingdom | Semi-structured interviews | n = 15 | 100% | No funding |
2014 | Does a surgical career affect a woman's childbearing and fertility? A report on pregnancy and fertility trends among female surgeons. [68] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 1021 | 100% | Not reported |
2014 | Pregnancy-Related Attrition in General Surgery [60] | High income | United States | Retrospective Review | n = 85 | (36/49) 42% | Not reported |
2014 | Work–life balance of female versus male surgeons in Hong Kong based on findings of a questionnaire designed by a Japanese surgeon. [71] | High income | Hong Kong (SAR, China) | Questionnaire | n = 114 | (37/77) 32.5% | Not reported |
2012 | Childbearing and pregnancy characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons. [66] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 1021 | 100% | No funding |
2012 | Pregnancy among women surgeons: trends over time. [56] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 1950 | 100% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2011 | Relationship between work–home conflicts and burnout among American surgeons: a comparison by sex. [65] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 7858 | (1043/6815) 13% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2011 | Female surgeons' mentoring experiences and success in an academic career in Switzerland. [75] | High income | Switzerland | National Survey | n = 189 | 100% | Private-sponsored |
2010 | Women surgeons in Hong Kong [138] | High income | Hong Kong (SAR, China) | Questionnaire | n = 172 | (58/114) 34% | Not reported |
2010 | Career satisfaction of women in surgery: perceptions, factors, and strategies. [139] | High income | United States | Semi-structured interviews | n = 18 | (12/6) 66.7% | Not reported |
2009 | Women surgeons in the new millennium. [57] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 895 | (178/698) 20% | Not-For-profit-sponsored |
2009 | Gender and Specialty Influences on Personal and Professional Life Among Trainees. [140] | High income | Ireland | Questionnaire | n = 460 | (300/160) 65% | Not reported |
2004 | The gender gap in a surgical subspecialty—Analysis of career and lifestyle factors [141] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 673 | 37% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
2003 | Career satisfaction and surgical practice patterns among female ophthalmologists [74] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 137 | 72/65 45% | Not reported |
2001 | Childbearing and childcare in surgery. [54] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 42 | (20/22) 47.6% | Not reported |
1998 | Characteristics of women surgeons in the United States. [142] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 4445 | 100% | Not reported |
1997 | Plastic surgeons: a gender comparison. [72] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 432 | (216/216) 50% | Not reported |
1994 | Women surgeons: career and lifestyle comparisons among surgical subspecialties. [64] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 419 | 100% | Not-for-profit-sponsored |
1993 | Women surgeons. Results of the Canadian Population Study. [62] | High income | Canada | Questionnaire | n = 419 | 100% | Not reported |
Other (pay, etc.) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Title | World Bank Income Group | Country | Study design | Population size | Gender distribution (F/M)% Female | Funding source |
2020 | Gender Disparity in Trauma Surgery: Compensation, Practice Patterns, Personal Life, and Wellness. [143] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 497 | 105/356 21% | Not reported |
2020 | Gender and compensation among surgical specialties in the Veterans Health Administration. [144] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 1993 | 458/1535 23% | Not reported |
2020 | The Role of Gender, Academic Affiliation, and Subspecialty in Relation to Industry Payments to Orthopaedic Surgeons [145] | High income | United States | Retrospective Analysis | n = 22,352 | 1299/21,053 6% | No funding |
2020 | Men Receive Three Times More Industry Payments than Women Academic Orthopaedic Surgeons, Even After Controlling for Confounding Variables. [146] | High income | United States | Retrospective cross-sectional analysis | n = 2893 | 316/2577 11% | Not reported |
2019 | Gender Equity in Humanitarian Surgical Outreach: A Decade of Volunteer Surgeons.[147] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 227 | (139/88) 61% | Not reported |
2019 | Women surgeons and the emergence of acute care surgery programs. [148] | High income | United States | National survey | n = 1546 | Public-sponsored | |
2019 | Sex-Based Disparities in the Hourly Earnings of Surgeons in the Fee-for-Service System in Ontario, Canada.[149] | High income | Canada | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 3275 | Private-sponsored | |
2019 | The Effect of Sex on Orthopaedic Surgeon Income. [81] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 4335 | 302/4033 7% | No funding |
2018 | The surgical personality: does it exist? [150] | High income | United Kingdom | Questionnaire | n = 599 | (256/341) 43% | Not reported |
2018 | The ties that bind: what's in a title? [151] | High income | Australia New Zealand | Retrospective review | n = 6143 | (702/5441) 11.4% | Not reported |
2018 | A Structured Compensation Plan Improves But Does Not Erase the Sex Pay Gap in Surgery. [152] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 44 | (11/33) 25% | Not reported |
2018 | Assessing the domino effect: Female physician industry payments fall short, parallel gender inequalities in medicine. [153] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 31,297 | (4511/26,786) 14% | No funding |
2018 | Equal Pay for Equal Work: Medicare Procedure Volume and Reimbursement for Male and Female Surgeons Performing Total Knee and Total Hip Arthroplasty. [154] | High income | United States | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 20,546 | (906/19,640) 4.4% | No funding |
2018 | Can the surgeon live his whole life? Analysis of the risk of death related to the profession. [77] | High income | Poland | Cross-sectional analysis | n = 6496 | Not reported | |
2015 | The Nonwhite Woman Surgeon: A Rare Species. [155] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 194 | (81/113) 42% | Not reported |
2015 | Cancer Prevalence among a Cross-sectional Survey of Female Orthopedic, Urology, and Plastic Surgeons in the United States. [79] | High income | United States | National survey | n = 1023 | 100% | Not reported |
2014 | The ergonomics of women in surgery.[80] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 314 | (54/260) 17.2% | Not reported |
2014 | Perceptions of surgeons: what characteristics do women surgeons prefer in a colleague? [156] | High income | United States | Questionnaire | n = 212 | 100% | University-sponsored |
2005 | Female surgeons' alcohol use: a study of a national sample of Norwegian doctors. [78] | High income | Norway | Questionnaire | n = 1385 | (347/1038) 25% | Not reported |