Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables used in the analysis
Variables | Total samples (n = 259,627) | Sample of women delivered at the public institutions (n = 141,028) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Poor (n = 130,132) | Non-poor (n = 129,495) | n | Poor (n = 71,446) | Non-poor (n = 69,582) | |
% (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | % (SE) | |||
Dependent variables | ||||||
 ANC visits |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  More than 4 | 190,898 | 34.8 (0.17) | 65.8 (0.15) | 105,615 | 40.3 (0.23) | 64.1 (0.21) |
 Place of delivery |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Institutional delivery | 259,627 | 66.8 (0.14) | 89.8 (0.08) | – | – | – |
 CFI (12–23 months ago) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 71,422 | 56.8 (0.27) | 66.2 (0.25) | 39,303 | 62.0 (0.35) | 67.7 (0.36) |
 Infant PNC |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Within 2 days | 190,898 | 23.1 (0.15) | 30.3 (0.14) | 105,615 | 26.7 (0.20) | 31.3 (0.21) |
 Child alive |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes | 259,627 | 94.3 (0.07) | 96.8 (0.05) | 141,028 | 95.1 (0.08) | 96.8 (0.07) |
Explanatory variables | ||||||
 Level of FHWE | ||||||
  Low | 86,544 | 34.2 (0.13) | 29.9 (0.12) | 36,199 | 26.7 (0.17) | 23.9 (0.17) |
  Medium | 86,607 | 32.4 (0.14) | 34.0 (0.13) | 47,620 | 33.4 (0.18) | 32.8 (0.19) |
  High | 86,476 | 33.3 (0.14) | 36.0 (0.13) | 57,209 | 39.9 (0.19) | 43.3 (0.20) |
 Birth order |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  1 | 96,212 | 31.0 (0.13) | 45.4 (0.14) | 55,990 | 35.3 (0.19) | 44.6 (0.19) |
  2 | 79,670 | 28.4 (0.13) | 35.2 (0.13) | 44,600 | 29.5 (0.18) | 35.9 (0.19) |
  3 | 41,607 | 18.3 (0.11) | 12.5 (0.09) | 21,754 | 17.4 (0.15) | 12.7 (0.13) |
  3+ | 42,138 | 22.3 (0.12) | 06.9 (0.07) | 18,684 | 17.8 (0.15) | 06.7 (0.10) |
 Current age of women | ||||||
  15–19 | 6699 | 3.6 (0.05) | 02.2 (0.04) | 4155 | 04.1 (0.08) | 02.5 (0.06) |
  20–24 | 78,177 | 31.9 (0.14) | 32.3 (0.13) | 46,061 | 34.7 (0.19) | 35.3 (0.19) |
  25–29 | 99,396 | 36.2 ( 0.14) | 41.4 (0.14) | 54,319 | 36.5 (0.19) | 41.1 (0.19) |
  30–34 | 49,005 | 17.5 (0.11) | 17.6 (0.10) | 24,734 | 16.3 (0.14) | 15.8 (0.14) |
  35–39 | 19,212 | 07.6 (0.08) | 05.5 (0.06) | 8938 | 6.1 (0.09) | 04.5 (0.08) |
  40–44 | 5504 | 2.4 (0.04) | 01.0 (0.03) | 2242 | 1.7 (0.05) | 00.7 (0.03) |
  45–49 | 1634 | 00.8 (0.03) | 00.2 (0.01) | 579 | 00.6 (0.03) | 00.1 (0.01) |
 Educational status of women | ||||||
  Illiterate | 81,087 | 49.7 (0.15) | 12.4 (0.09) | 40,278 | 43.9 (0.19) | 12.8 (0.13) |
  Primary | 37,938 | 18.0 (0.11) | 10.5 (0.08) | 21,176 | 18.5 (0.15) | 11.7 (0.13) |
  Secondary | 116,646 | 30.7 (0.13) | 58.6 (0.14) | 69,756 | 35.9 (0.19) | 63.0 (0.19) |
  Higher | 23,956 | 1.5 (0.04) | 18.5 (0.11) | 9818 | 01.7 (0.05) | 12.4 (0.13) |
 Husband/partner’s educational status | ||||||
  Illiterate | 8181 | 5.3 (0.06) | 01.1 (0.03) | 3985 | 04.6 (0.08) | 01.1 (0.04) |
  Primary | 6587 | 3.4 (0.05) | 01.7 (0.04) | 3674 | 03.5 (0.07) | 01.9 (0.05) |
  Secondary | 24,511 | 7.5 (0.08) | 11.0 (0.09) | 14,253 | 08.1 (0.11) | 11.4 (0.13) |
  Higher | 5783 | 00.5 (0.02) | 04.1 (0.05) | 2545 | 00.6 (0.03) | 02.8 (0.06) |
  Don’t know/missing | 214,565 | 83.4 (0.10) | 82.1 (0.10) | 116,571 | 83.2 (0.15) | 82.9 (0.15) |
 Occupation of woman | ||||||
  Not working | 34,426 | 12.0 (0.09) | 14.8 (0.09) | 18,750 | 12.3 (0.13) | 14.1 (0.14) |
  White collar | 1382 | 00.2 (0.01) | 00.8 (0.02) | 678 | 00.2 (0.02) | 00.6 (0.03) |
  Agricultural worker | 5974 | 03.1 (0.05) | 01.2 (0.03) | 3185 | 02.9 (0.06) | 01.2 (0.04) |
  Service/manual work | 3093 | 01.2 (0.03) | 01.1 (0.03) | 1742 | 01.2 (0.04) | 01.1 (0.04) |
  Don’t know/missing | 214,752 | 83.5 (0.11) | 82.2 (0.11) | 116,673 | 83.4 (0.15) | 82.9 (0.15) |
 Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||||
  Not working | 1939 | 00.8 (0.03) | 00.7 (0.02) | 1109 | 00.7 (0.03) | 00.8 (0.04) |
  White collar | 8945 | 01.6 (0.04) | 05.5 (0.06) | 4345 | 01.7 (0.05) | 04.3 (0.08) |
  Agricultural worker | 14,614 | 06.9 (0.07) | 03.6 (0.05) | 7992 | 06.9 (0.09) | 03.9 (0.07) |
  Service/manual work | 19,161 | 07.0 (0.07) | 07.9 (0.07) | 10,803 | 07.2 (0.10) | 07.9 (0.11) |
  Don’t know/missing | 214,968 | 83.6 (0.11) | 82.2 (0.10) | 116,779 | 83.4 (0.14) | 83.0 (0.15) |
 Caste | ||||||
  Others | 45,019 | 11.9 (0.09) | 26.2 (0.12) | 22,160 | 11.1 (0.12) | 22.3 (0.16) |
  SC | 49,051 | 25.6 (0.13) | 17.9 (0.11) | 29,879 | 27.5 (0.17) | 22.0 (0.16) |
  ST | 52,199 | 16.5 (0.11) | 5.2 (0.06) | 27,546 | 16.5 (0.14) | 05.9 (0.09) |
  OBC | 101,786 | 41.6 (0.14) | 46.5 (0.14) | 54,436 | 40.7 (0.19) | 44.8 (0.19) |
  Don’t know/not reported | 11,572 | 4.3 (0.05) | 04.4 (0.06) | 7007 | 04.2 (0.08) | 04.9 (0.09) |
 Religion | ||||||
  Hindus | 187,573 | 80.6 (0.12) | 76.9 (0.12) | 106,876 | 84.6 (0.14) | 78.5 (0.16) |
  Muslims | 40,950 | 16.0 (0.11) | 17.0 (0.10) | 19,441 | 12.6 (0.13) | 15.3 (0.14) |
  Christians | 20,934 | 1.6 (0.04) | 02.5 (0.03) | 9279 | 01.2 (0.04) | 02.2 (0.06) |
  Others | 10,170 | 1.8 (0.04) | 03.6 (0.05) | 5432 | 01.6 (0.05) | 03.9 (0.08) |
 Place of residence | ||||||
  Rural | 198,248 | 91.9 (0.08) | 54.0 (0.14) | 110,259 | 91.4 (0.11) | 58.4 (0.19) |
  Urban | 61,379 | 08.1 (0.08) | 45.9 (0.14) | 30,769 | 08.6 (0.11) | 41.6 (0.19) |
  Region | ||||||
  Northern | 48,703 | 07.6 (0.08) | 18.2 (0.11) | 29,692 | 08. (0.11) | 21.5 (0.16) |
  Central | 75,645 | 33.1 (0.14) | 21.8 (0.11) | 40,356 | 32.7 (0.18) | 21.1 (0.16) |
  Eastern | 54,075 | 39.0 (0.14) | 13.5 (0.09) | 29,373 | 37.4 (0.19) | 14.0 (0.14) |
  North-eastern | 37,167 | 04.8 (0.06) | 02.4 (0.04) | 18,861 | 04.7 (0.08) | 02.9 (0.07) |
  Western | 18,276 | 07.8 (0.08) | 17.2 (0.10) | 8061 | 07.5 (0.01) | 13.9 (0.14) |
  Southern | 25,761 | 07.6 (0.08) | 27.3 (0.12) | 14,685 | 09.3 (0.11) | 26.5 (0.17) |