Table 2 Odds ratio estimates from binary logistic regression model showing mother and child (0–5 years) health care by levels of women’s FHWE among the poor and non-poor households in India, 2015–2016
Predictor variables | Antenatal care (4 or > 4 times) | Place of delivery (all institutions) | Child full immunisation (12–23 months) | Infant postnatal care (within 2 days of delivery) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (SEa) | Odds ratio (SE) | Odds ratio (SE) | Odds ratio (SE) | |||||||||
Poor (n = 90,521) | Non-poor (n = 100,377) | Total (n = 190,898) | Poor (n = 130,132) | Non-poor (n = 129,495) | Total (n = 259,627) | Poor (n = 36,995) | Non-poor (n = 34,427) | Total (n = 71,422) | Poor (n = 90,521) | Non-poor (n = 100,377) | Total (n = 190,898) | |
Panel A (unadjusted) | ||||||||||||
 Level of FHWE | ||||||||||||
  Low |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Medium | 2.448* (0.06) | 1.704* (0.03) | 1.855* (0.02) | 1.805* (0.03) | 1.729* (0.04) | 1.801* (0.02) | 1.784* (0.05) | 1.444* (0.04) | 1.627* (0.03) | 1.971* (0.06) | 1.554* (0.03) | 1.723* (0.03) |
  High | 8.023* (0.18) | 2.297* (0.04) | 3.375* (0.04) | 2.803* (0.04) | 2.684* (0.06) | 2.746* (0.03) | 2.882* (0.08) | 2.109* (0.06) | 2.505* (0.05) | 4.647* (0.11) | 2.713* (0.05) | 3.334* (0.05) |
Panel B (adjusted) | ||||||||||||
 Level of FHWE | ||||||||||||
  Low |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Medium | 2.174* (0.05) | 1.766* (0.03) | 1.771* (0.03) | 1.678* (0.03) | 1.616* (0.04) | 1.659* (0.02) | 1.717* (0.05) | 1.429* (0.04) | 1.586* (0.03) | 1.95*** (0.06) | 1.567* (0.03) | 1.706* (0.03) |
  High | 6.367* (0.16) | 2.489* (0.04) | 3.305* (0.05) | 2.538* (0.04) | 2.543* (0.07) | 2.531* (0.03) | 2.692* (0.08) | 2.067* (0.06) | 2.406* (0.05) | 4.63*** (0.12) | 2.876* (0.05) | 3.480* (0.05) |
 Birth order | ||||||||||||
  1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  2 | 0.747* (0.02) | 0.777* (0.01) | − 0.277* (0.01) | 0.582* (0.01) | 0.519* (0.01) | 0.554* (0.01) | 0.827* (0.03) | 0.871* (0.02) | 0.846* (0.02) | 0.965 (0.02) | 0.958* (0.02) | 0.957* (0.01) |
  3 | 0.588* (0.02) | 0.597* (0.01) | − 0.557* (0.02) | 0.464* (0.01) | 0.356* (0.01) | 0.411* (0.01) | 0.769* (0.03) | 0.696* (0.03) | 0.729* (0.02) | 0.911* (0.02) | 0.949* (0.02) | 0.918* (0.02) |
  3+ | 0.426* (0.01) | 0.421* (0.01) | − 0.962* (0.02) | 0.389* (0.01) | 0.273* (0.01) | 0.328* (0.01) | 0.718* (0.03) | 0.622* (0.03) | 0.653* (0.02) | 0.952 (0.03) | 0.881* (0.03) | 0.874* (0.02) |
 Current age of woman | ||||||||||||
  15–19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  20–24 | 0.955 (0.04) | 1.054 (0.05) | 0.026 (0.03) | 0.969 (0.04) | 0.909 (0.06) | 0.999 (0.04) | 1.088 (0.07) | 1.009 (0.08) | 1.066 (0.05) | 1.074 (0.05) | 0.959 (0.02) | 1.039 (0.03) |
  25–29 | 1.043 (0.04) | 1.302* (0.06) | 0.221* (0.03) | 1.042 (0.04) | 1.113 (0.09) | 1.164* (0.04) | 1.159* (0.07) | 1.152* (0.09) | 1.186* (0.06) | 1.119* (0.05) | 0.999 (0.02) | 1.098* (0.04) |
  30–34 | 1.143* (0.05) | 1.606* (0.08) | 0.409* (0.03) | 1.135* (0.05) | 1.577* (0.13) | 1.416* (0.06) | 1.159* (0.08) | 1.249* (0.11) | 1.246* (0.07) | 1.119* (0.06) | 1.008 (0.05) | 1.117* (0.04) |
  35–39 | 1.195* (0.06) | 1.720* (0.09) | 0.454* (0.04) | 1.004 (0.05) | 1.764* (0.16) | 1.326* (0.06) | 1.090 (0.09) | 1.577* (0.16) | 1.314* (0.08) | 1.144* (0.06) | 1.198* (0.07) | 1.239* (0.05) |
  40–44 | 1.097 (0.08) | 1.641* (0.13) | 0.355* (0.05) | 0.898* (0.05) | 1.346* (0.15) | 1.130* (0.06) | 1.109 (0.13) | 1.385* (0.25) | 1.264* (0.12) | 1.141* (0.08) | 1.189* (0.09) | 1.198* (0.06) |
  45–49 | 0.931 (0.11) | 1.369* (0.22) | 0.159* (0.09) | 0.758* (0.06) | 0.929 (0.16) | 0.918 (0.07) | 1.380* (0.23) | 1.156 (0.50) | 1.403* (0.22) | 0.911 (0.10) | 1.218 (0.19) | 0.999 (0.09) |
 Education status of women | ||||||||||||
  Illiterate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Primary | 1.556* (0.04) | 1.290* (0.04) | 0.453* (0.02) | 1.252* (0.02) | 1.194* (0.04) | 1.272* (0.02) | 1.269* (0.04) | 1.317* (0.06) | 1.336* (0.03) | 1.082* (0.03) | 1.069* (0.04) | 1.123* (0.02) |
  Secondary | 1.724* (0.04) | 1.713* (0.04) | 0.741* (0.01) | 1.837* (0.03) | 2.133* (0.05) | 2.263* (0.03) | 1.443* (0.04) | 1.513* (0.06) | 1.604* (0.03) | 1.061* (0.02) | 1.171* (0.03) | 1.221* (0.02) |
  Higher | 2.146* (0.14) | 2.357* (0.07) | 1.145* (0.02) | 3.203* (0.24) | 4.685* (0.21) | 5.587* (0.20) | 1.557* (0.15) | 1.736* (0.08) | 1.908* (0.07) | 1.152* (0.08) | 1.333* (0.04) | 1.447* (0.03) |
 Education status of husband/partner | ||||||||||||
  Illiterate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Primary | 1.044 (0.06) | 1.135 (0.09) | 0.106* (0.05) | 1.132* (0.05) | 0.939 (0.09) | 1.077* (0.04) | 1.121 (0.09) | 0.983 (0.13) | 1.056 (0.07) | 1.067 (0.06) | 1.001 (0.09) | 1.052 (0.05) |
  Secondary | 1.077 (0.05) | 1.186* (0.09) | 0.192* (0.04) | 1.272* (0.05) | 1.324* (0.10) | 1.331* (0.04) | 1.206* (0.08) | 1.372* (0.15) | 1.288* (0.07) | 1.019 (0.05) | 1.057 (0.08) | 1.076* (0.04) |
  Higher | 1.038 (0.12) | 1.314* (0.11) | 0.343* (0.05) | 1.593* (0.19) | 1.689* (0.17) | 1.803* (0.12) | 1.173 (0.21) | 1.166 (01.4) | 1.168* (0.09) | 1.030 (0.13) | 0.975 (0.08) | 1.017 (0.05) |
  Don't know/missing | 1.061 (0.23) | 1.077 (0.23) | 0.129 (0.15) | 1.230 (0.21) | 2.185* (0.58) | 1.565* (0.22) | 1.209 ( 0.39) | 1.289 (0.45) | 1.239 (0.29) | 1.073 (0.24) | 0.922 (0.19) | 1.013 (0.16) |
 Occupational status of woman | ||||||||||||
  Not working |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  White collar | 0.686* (0.14) | 0.771* (0.07) | − 0.281* (0.08) | 1.089 (0.19) | 1.013 (0.17) | 1.076 (0.13) | 3.159* (1.09) | 1.085 (0.17) | 1.323* (0.19) | 1.258 (0.24) | 1.111* (0.09) | 1.119* (0.08) |
  Agricultural worker | 0.919 (0.05) | 1.107 (0.08) | − 0.031 (0.04) | 0.857* (0.04) | 0.712* (0.06) | 0.816* (0.03) | 0.946 (0.07) | 1.116 (0.13) | 0.970 (0.06) | 1.113* (0.06) | 1.226* (0.08) | 1.147* (0.05) |
  Service/manual work | 1.130 (0.09) | 1.020 (0.07) | − 0.066 (0.05) | 0.810* (0.05) | 0.691* (0.06) | 0.771* (0.04) | 1.322* (0.15) | 0.845 (0.10) | 1.047 (0.09) | 1.205* (0.09) | 1.124* (0.07) | 1.156* (0.06) |
  Don’t know/missing | 0.996 (0.17) | 0.752 (0.13) | − 0.159 (0.12) | 0.801* (0.11) | 0.581* (0.13) | 0.695* (0.08) | 1.045 (0.28) | 1.052 (0.03) | 1.051 (0.19) | 1.245 (0.22) | 1.311 (0.22) | 1.277* (0.15) |
 Occupational status of husband/ partner | ||||||||||||
  Not working |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  White collar | 0.980 (0.12) | 1.137 (0.09) | 0.129* (0.07) | 1.052 (0.09) | 0.956 (0.13) | 1.091 (0.08) | 0.959 (0.16) | 1.447* (0.20) | 1.255* (0.13) | 1.289* (0.16) | 1.068 (0.09) | 1.149* (0.08) |
  Agricultural worker | 1.003 (0.11) | 0.933 (0.08) | − 0.017 (0.07) | 0.956 (0.08) | 0.859 (0.11) | 0.910 (0.06) | 1.042 (0.15) | 1.099 (0.16) | 1.091 (0.12) | 1.027 (0.11) | 0.923 (0.08) | 0.961 (0.07) |
  Service/manual work | 1.092 (0.11) | 1.227* (0.11) | 0.163* (0.07) | 1.128 (0.09) | 0.891 (0.11) | 1.053 (0.07) | 1.232 (0.18) | 1.614* (0.22) | 1.406* (0.14) | 1.320* (0.15) | 1.166* (0.09) | 1.221* (0.08) |
  Don’t know/missing | 0.984 (0.20) | 1.427* (0.25) | 0.188 (0.13) | 1.143 (0.17) | 0.825 (0.19) | 1.042 (0.13) | 0.947 (0.25) | 1.129 (0.32) | 1.029 (0.20) | 0.937 (0.22) | 0.919 (0.16) | 0.923 (0.13) |
 Caste | ||||||||||||
  Others |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  SC | 0.723* (0.02) | 0.839* (0.02) | − 0.306* (0.02) | 0.973 (0.02) | 0.737* (0.02) | 0.816* (0.02) | 0.958 (0.04) | 1.043 (0.04) | 0.982 (0.03) | 1.069* (0.03) | 0.998 (0.02) | 0.969* (0.02) |
  ST | 0.807* (0.03) | 0.781* (0.03) | − 0.259* (0.02) | 0.629* (0.02) | 0.488* (0.02) | 0.517* (0.01) | 0.754* (0.04) | 0.985 (0.06) | 0.793* (0.03) | 1.096* (0.04) | 0.906* (0.03) | 0.954* (0.02) |
  OBC | 0.626* (0.02) | 0.769* (0.01) | − 0.377* (0.02) | 1.075* (0.02) | 0.884* (0.02) | 0.948* (0.02) | 0.939 (0.04) | 1.058* (0.03) | 0.992 (0.02) | 1.077* (0.03) | 0.966* (0.02) | 0.972* (0.01) |
  Don’t know/missing | 1.101* (0.05) | 1.029 (0.04) | 0.029 (0.03) | 0.874* (0.03) | 1.171* (0.06) | 0.899* (0.03) | 1.013 (0.07) | 1.130* (0.07) | 1.052 (0.04) | 0.867* (0.04) | 0.800* (0.03) | 0.805* (0.02) |
 Religion | ||||||||||||
  Hindus |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Muslims | 1.048* (0.03) | 1.140* (0.02) | 0.118* (0.02) | 0.556* (0.01) | 0.660* (0.02) | 0.591* (0.01) | 0.804* (0.03) | 0.839* (0.03) | 0.829* (0.02) | 1.016 (0.03) | 1.148* (0.02) | 1.105* (0.02) |
  Christians | 1.057 (0.07) | 0.885* (0.04) | − 0.013 (0.04) | 0.589* (0.03) | 0.919 (0.08) | 0.770* (0.03) | 1.198* (0.12) | 1.099 (0.09) | 1.169* (0.07) | 0.908 (0.06) | 1.039 (0.05) | 1.007 (0.04) |
  Others | 1.429* (0.08) | 1.391* (0.06) | 0.347* (0.03) | 0.574* (0.03) | 1.287* (0.08) | 0.814* (0.03) | 1.358* (0.12) | 1.741* (0.13) | 1.620* (0.09) | 1.125* (0.07) | 1.490* (0.05) | 1.404* (0.04) |
 Place of residence | ||||||||||||
  Rural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Urban | 1.576* (0.05) | 1.451* (0.02) | 0.607* (0.01) | 1.243* (0.03) | 1.375* (0.02) | 1.611* (0.02) | 1.064 (0.05) | 0.957* (0.02) | 1.085* (0.02) | 1.096* (0.03) | 1.057* (0.02) | 1.164* (0.01) |
 Region | ||||||||||||
  Northern |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Central | 0.551* (0.02) | 0.694* (0.02) | − 0.544* (0.02) | 0.553* (0.02) | 0.663* (0.02) | 0.574* (0.01) | 0.937 (0.04) | 0.789* (0.03) | 0.776* (0.02) | 1.064* (0.04) | 1.221* (0.03) | 1.073* (0.02) |
  Eastern | 0.829* (0.03) | 1.157* (0.03) | − 0.186* (0.02) | 0.484* (0.01) | 0.823* (0.03) | 0.512* (0.01) | 1.734* (0.08) | 1.356* (0.06) | 1.361* (0.04) | 0.870* (0.03) | 0.885* (0.02) | 0.794* (0.02) |
  North-eastern | 0.946* (0.04) | 1.313* (0.06) | − 0.056* (0.03) | 0.471* (0.02) | 0.796* (0.05) | 0.483* (0.02) | 0.740* (0.05) | 0.634* (0.05) | 0.611* (0.03) | 0.976 (0.05) | 0.712* (0.04) | 0.762* (0.03) |
  Western | 2.299* (0.09) | 2.265* (0.06) | 0.765* (0.02) | 0.952* (0.03) | 2.083* (0.08) | 1.339* (0.03) | 0.731* (0.04) | 0.544* (0.02) | 0.579* (0.02) | 1.157* (0.05) | 0.841* (0.20) | 0.881* (0.02) |
  Southern | 3.451* (0.15) | 2.780* (0.06) | 1.041* (0.02) | 1.448* (0.06) | 3.395* (0.13) | 2.319* (0.07) | 1.118* (0.07) | 0.807* (0.03) | 0.869* (0.03) | 1.003 (0.04) | 0.982 (0.02) | 0.959* (0.02) |