Table 3 Gender pay gap by year among US DHHS employees during 2010–2018

Panel 1: Controlling location

 Female

 − 0.131*

 − 0.118*

 − 0.111*

 − 0.101*

 − 0.094*

 − 0.086*

 − 0.084*

 − 0.083*

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.003)

 R²

0.323

0.336

0.338

0.348

0.346

0.351

0.343

0.346

Panel 2: Controlling location, occupation, and pay plan

 Female

 − 0.053*

 − 0.049*

 − 0.050*

 − 0.046*

 − 0.044*

 − 0.035*

 − 0.028*

 − 0.035*

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.003)

(0.002)

 R²

0.736

0.734

0.740

0.739

0.722

0.724

0.664

0.736

Panel 3: Controlling location, occupation, pay plan, and grade

 Female

 − 0.018*

 − 0.019*

 − 0.020*

 − 0.017*

 − 0.016*

 − 0.010*

 − 0.008*

 − 0.010*

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.001)

 R²

0.897

0.889

0.887

0.892

0.886

0.907

0.862

0.903