No. | Observation item | Indonesian care workers in Japan (n = 110) | Indonesian care workers in Indonesia (n = 213) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Environmental observation | |||
1 | There is a separation between the dining room and the bedroom | 96% | 55% | < 0.001 |
2 | Adjustable dining tables or special chairs that can be used according to need are available for personal use | 91% | 47% | < 0.001 |
3 | There are applicable utensils (e.g., spoons and chopsticks) that can be used in accordance with the impairment of the individual user* | 98% | – | |
4 | There are variations in the form of food (e.g., porridge cut into bite-size pieces and soft chopped food) | 98% | 64% | < 0.001 |
5 | There is portable mucus suction | 77% | 54% | < 0.001 |
6 | There is a tool that can be used by care workers or patients to notify other care workers if there is an emergency (e.g., a bell). | 89% | 44% | < 0.001 |
7 | Numbers of care workers and older adults are balanced when conducting meal supervision | 66% | 52% | 0.008 |
8 | There is an allocation of one care worker for every care receiver who requires total care** | 28% | 60% | < 0.001 |
9 | The care workers understand the dietary needs of each receiver | 78% | 74% | 0.257 |
Total score | 6.2 (SD:1.4) | 4.5 (SD:1.9) | < 0.001 | |
II | Observation of physiologic functions and eating capabilities | |||
A | Overall condition before meal | |||
1 | Older adult moves differently than usual | 72% | 58% | 0.009 |
2 | Older adult is in poor condition/sleep deprivation | 42% | 57% | 0.006 |
3 | Older adult has fever | 20% | 50% | < 0.001 |
4 | Older adult is in a state of coughing. | 27% | 43% | 0.004 |
5 | Older adult has different blood pressure (higher or lower) and pulse (bradycardia, tachycardia) than usual | 36% | 49% | 0.012 |
Total score | 2.0 (SD:1.4) | 2.6 (SD:2.0) | 0.021 | |
B | Meal preparation period: Waiting time before arrival of food and serving of food | |||
1 | Older adult cannot sit in a stable position | 66% | 54% | 0.018 |
2 | Older adult is not fully conscious | 39% | 41% | 0.428 |
3 | Older adult appears calm | 40% | 55% | 0.008 |
Total score | 1.5 (SD:1.2) | 1.5 (SD:1.2) | 0.839 | |
C | Feeding period: | |||
1 | The dining table cannot be set up in accordance with the bodily positions of older adult | 82% | 49% | < 0.001 |
2 | There are difficulties when eating (e.g., cannot use a spoon for food or hold food) | 79% | 65% | 0.007 |
3 | There are problems in paying attention to food and the environment | 77% | 55% | < 0.001 |
4 | There is a problem when placing food into the mouth (e.g., hand vibrates or food falls) | 72% | 67% | 0.207 |
5 | There is a speed problem when placing food into the mouth. | 72% | 55% | 0.003 |
6 | There is a problem with the amount of food that is placed into the mouth | 68% | 55% | 0.014 |
7 | Older adult cannot ask for help when having difficulties during the eating process | 55% | 44% | 0.035 |
8 | Older adult refuses to be helped when eating (e.g., does not want to open the mouth or feed themselves) | 63% | 49% | 0.014 |
Total score | 5.7 (SD:1.9) | 4.4 (SD:2.9) | < 0.001 | |
D | Swallowing period: | |||
1 | Older adult cannot take in food smoothly (e.g., lips cannot close or food falls out of the mouth) | 58% | 54% | 0.302 |
2 | There are problems with chewing (e.g., lack of chewing, removing or leaving hard food, very fond of eating soft food only, or chewing for a long time) | 70% | 66% | 0.287 |
3 | Older adult cannot chew food into appropriate shapes and sizes to be swallowed | 59% | 59% | 0.52 |
4 | Older adult hoards food in the mouth (e.g., stores food in the mouth but does not swallow) | 65% | 57% | 0.083 |
5 | There are problems in the process of swallowing food (e.g., cannot swallow food or takes time to swallow food) | 71% | 54% | 0.002 |
6 | There is a swallowing disorder (e.g., food cannot be channeled into the esophagus) | 48% | 48% | 0.535 |
7 | There is a sound of fluid in the esophagus | 43% | 47% | 0.3 |
8 | Older adult chokes when eating | 59% | 56% | 0.362 |
9 | Older adults does not exhibit coughing when choking | 39% | 54% | 0.009 |
10 | Older adult takes a lot of time from start to finish when eating | 81% | 60% | < 0.001 |
11 | Older adult looks tired when eating | 48% | 49% | 0.503 |
12 | Older adult looks weak when eating, and cannot maintain proper posture (e.g., the body position is always slumped) | 66% | 53% | 0.018 |
13 | Older adult does not finish one portion of provided food | 72% | 55% | 0.002 |
Total score | 7.8 (SD:3.7) | 7.1 (SD:4.5) | 0.216 | |
E | Post-meal period | |||
1 | Older adult does not brush teeth after meals | 41% | 32% | 0.07 |
2 | There is shortness of breath after meals | 29% | 45% | 0.005 |
3 | Older adult cannot use toothbrush | 66% | 40% | < 0.001 |
4 | There is leftover food after brushing teeth | 69% | 40% | < 0.001 |
Total score | 2.1 (SD:1.3) | 1.6 (SD:1.2) | 0.001 |