Covariate | Model 1: individual-level factors | Model 2: individual-level + unit-level factors | Model 3: individual-level + unit + organisational-level factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p-value | β | p-value | β | p-value | |
Ghana | ||||||
Male | 0.069 | 0.314 | 0.012 | 0.878 | 0.005 | 0.947 |
Job satisfaction | 0.65 | < 0.001** | 0.381 | < 0.001** | 0.304 | 0.011* |
Health worker qualification | ||||||
Administration (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Clinical | 0.233 | 0.011* | 0.203 | 0.050 | 0.115 | 0.322 |
Public health staff | 0.075 | 0.439 | 0.006 | 0.951 | − 0.119 | 0.336 |
Team work | 0.453 | < 0.001** | 0.459 | < 0.001** | ||
Supportive supervision | 0.201 | 0.049* | 0.210 | 0.043* | ||
District managerial support | 0.130 | 0.243 | ||||
Level of health facility | ||||||
Community based | 1 | |||||
District hospital | − 0.168 | 0.168 | ||||
Health centre | − 0.024 | 0.828 | ||||
R2 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.43 | |||
Uganda | ||||||
Male | 0.034 | 0.524 | 0.023 | 0.629 | 0.027 | 0.575 |
Health worker qualification | ||||||
Non-clinical (Ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Clinical | − 0.052 | 0.329 | 0.006 | 0.896 | 0.191 | 0.693 |
Job satisfaction | 0.343 | < 0.001** | 0.149 | 0.005* | 0.073 | 0.208 |
Team work | 0.607 | < 0.001** | 0.563 | < 0.001** | ||
Supportive supervision | 0.468 | < 0.001** | 0.432 | < 0.001** | ||
District managerial support | 0.348 | < 0.001** | ||||
Health facility level | ||||||
HC II | − 0.002 | 0.968 | ||||
HC III | 0.095 | 0.143 | ||||
HC IV | 0.028 | 0.650 | ||||
Hospital | 1 | |||||
R2 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.64 | |||
Malawi | ||||||
Male | 0.25 | 0.847 | 0.053 | 0.606 | 0.041 | 0.699 |
Health worker qualification | ||||||
Non-clinical (Ref) | ||||||
Clinical | 0.216 | 0.109 | 0.198 | 0.074 | 0.205 | 0.068 |
Job satisfaction | 0.689 | < 0.001** | 0.260 | 0.042* | 0.223 | 0.107 |
Teamwork | 0.423 | 0.002* | 0.394 | 0.005* | ||
Supportive supervision | 0.292 | 0.012* | 0.272 | 0.023* | ||
District managerial support | 0.087 | 0.491 | ||||
R2 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.63 |