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Table 5 Results by country

From: Determinants of safety climate at primary care level in Ghana, Malawi and Uganda: a cross-sectional study across 138 selected primary healthcare facilities

Covariate

Model 1: individual-level factors

Model 2: individual-level + unit-level factors

Model 3: individual-level + unit + organisational-level factors

β

p-value

β

p-value

β

p-value

Ghana

 Male

0.069

0.314

0.012

0.878

0.005

0.947

 Job satisfaction

0.65

< 0.001**

0.381

< 0.001**

0.304

0.011*

 Health worker qualification

  Administration (Ref)

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Clinical

0.233

0.011*

0.203

0.050

0.115

0.322

  Public health staff

0.075

0.439

0.006

0.951

− 0.119

0.336

 Team work

  

0.453

< 0.001**

0.459

< 0.001**

 Supportive supervision

  

0.201

0.049*

0.210

0.043*

 District managerial support

    

0.130

0.243

 Level of health facility

  Community based

    

1

 

  District hospital

    

− 0.168

0.168

  Health centre

    

− 0.024

0.828

 R2

0.46

0.43

0.43

Uganda

 Male

0.034

0.524

0.023

0.629

0.027

0.575

 Health worker qualification

  Non-clinical (Ref)

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Clinical

− 0.052

0.329

0.006

0.896

0.191

0.693

 Job satisfaction

0.343

 < 0.001**

0.149

0.005*

0.073

0.208

 Team work

  

0.607

< 0.001**

0.563

< 0.001**

 Supportive supervision

  

0.468

< 0.001**

0.432

< 0.001**

 District managerial support

    

0.348

< 0.001**

 Health facility level

  HC II

    

− 0.002

0.968

  HC III

    

0.095

0.143

  HC IV

    

0.028

0.650

  Hospital

    

1

 

 R2

0.12

0.61

0.64

Malawi

 Male

0.25

0.847

0.053

0.606

0.041

0.699

 Health worker qualification

  Non-clinical (Ref)

      

  Clinical

0.216

0.109

0.198

0.074

0.205

0.068

 Job satisfaction

0.689

< 0.001**

0.260

0.042*

0.223

0.107

 Teamwork

  

0.423

0.002*

0.394

0.005*

 Supportive supervision

  

0.292

0.012*

0.272

0.023*

 District managerial support

    

0.087

0.491

 R2

0.46

0.63

0.63

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 denote statistically significant associations (bold). β denotes the standardised coefficient