Depression among healthcare workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Sensitivity analysis of instrument

Studied subgroups	Years of data collection	Number of prevalence measures	Total sample size	Prevalence range (%)	Effect size	Subgroup comparison	Heterogeneity between studies
Studied subgroups	Years of data collection	Number of prevalence measures	Total sample size	Prevalence range (%)	Weighted average prevalence (%)	95% CI	Q between subgroup tests p value	Cochrane Q test's p value	I² (%)	95% prediction interval^a
EMR
All countries (Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates)	2005–2020	94	26,029	2.40–99.90	33.03	27.40–39.19	N/A	< 0.0001	98.80	3.53–86.94
Diagnostic Instruments^b	2012–2015	5	1192	2.90–81.81	26.31	6.29–65.50	0.6949	< 0.0001	99.10	0.05–99.61
Screening Instruments	2005–2020	89	24,837	2.40–99.90	33.37	27.74–39.53		< 0.0001	98.80	3.87–86.16
BDI	2005–2018	25	6679	7.80–89.25	33.33	24.91–42.97	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	97.90	5.43–81.31
BDI–2	2006–2018	8	1082	22.00–92.90	45.90	26.88–66.18		< 0.0001	97.20	3.80–94.80
BDI–SF	2017	1	247	9.88	9.72	6.60–14.09		N/A	N/A	N/A
DASS–21	2010–2020	18	4903	9.50–99.90	40.21	26.04–56.22		< 0.0001	99.00	3.22–93.15
DASS–42	2007–2016	2	470	2.40–29.10	9.23	1.36–42.79		N/A	95.40	N/A
HADS	2012–2020	14	4412	6.10–82.00	26.05	15.98–39.47		< 0.0001	98.30	2.53–82.72
PHQ–9	2013–2020	10	4332	2.51–71.4	33.89	18.20–54.15		< 0.0001	99.20	2.01–92.77
Other^c	2006–2016	11	2712	6.20–85.10	33.45	18.47–52.73		< 0.0001	98.30	2.15–92.00

BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-2 Beck Depression Inventory-2, BDI-SF Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form, DASS-21 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, DASS-42 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-42, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9
^aOnly calculated when 3 or more data points available
^bIncludes: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI); Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV); Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2); Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (WHO SCAN); and clinical diagnosis by doctors
^cOther: General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist for Depression, de novo questionnaire

ISSN: 1478-4491