Table 1 Descriptive statistics for outcome variables and confounders
From: Brazil’s more doctors programme and infant health outcomes: a longitudinal analysis
Mean 2007 | Mean 2018 | Mean change (%) | Mean | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 33,072.34 | 37,456.95 | 13.26 | 35,526.03 | 209,427.40 |
GDP per capita (BRL) | 9172.81 | 23,165.27 | 152.54 | 16,260.59 | 18,818.06 |
Income per capita (BRL) | 447.13 | 617.66 | 38.14 | 532.38 | 268.23 |
Gini coefficient | 0.51 | 0.45 | − 11.76 | 0.48 | 0.08 |
Households with no electricity (%) | 5.99 | 0.44 | − 92.65 | 2.09 | 5.67 |
Households with inadequate sanitation (%) | 10.45 | 7.58 | − 27.46 | 8.65 | 13.32 |
Urbanisation rate (%) | 62.76 | 66.31 | 5.66 | 64.60 | 22.16 |
Illiteracy rate (15 + years) (%) | 17.82 | 11.73 | − 34.18 | 14.77 | 9.54 |
Population with per capita income under 0.25 minimum wage (%) | 28.49 | 11.20 | − 60.69 | 19.28 | 17.88 |
Bolsa Familia stipend per capita (BRL) | 72.17 | 219.89 | 204.68 | 156.34 | 132.05 |
Health expenditure per capita (BRL) | 270.02 | 839.11 | 310.43 | 535.36 | 314.71 |
Private health insurance plans per capita | 0.06 | 0.08 | 33.33 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
Hospital beds per 1000 population | 1.93 | 1.55 | − 19.69 | 1.71 | 2.08 |
Nurses per 1000 population | 0.43 | 0.90 | 109.30 | 0.66 | 0.37 |
Births with low birthweight (%) | 7.36 | 7.91 | 7.47 | 7.69 | 3.41 |
Births with very low birthweight (%) | 0.94 | 1.10 | 17.02 | 1.03 | 1.21 |
Infants hospitalised per 1000 live births | 206.18 | 197.45 | − 4.23 | 190.64 | 118.63 |
Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) | 11.13 | 8.78 | − 21.11 | 9.77 | 11.27 |
Infant mortality rate (IMR) | 16.48 | 12.41 | − 24.70 | 14.09 | 13.68 |
Mean municipal mother’s age | 24.80 | 26.35 | 6.25 | 25.46 | 1.49 |
Mothers with 0 to 3 years education (%) | 13.80 | 3.05 | − 77.90 | 7.60 | 7.76 |
Mothers with 4 to 7 years education (%) | 36.38 | 18.02 | − 50.47 | 27.34 | 11.34 |
Mothers with 8 to 11 years education (%) | 35.47 | 62.06 | 74.96 | 50.12 | 14.69 |
Mothers with more than 12 years education (%) | 11.14 | 15.31 | 37.43 | 12.61 | 7.97 |
No prenatal care (%) | 1.43 | 1.32 | − 7.69 | 1.71 | 3.21 |
1–3 prenatal care visits (%) | 7.46 | 4.29 | − 42.49 | 5.93 | 6.13 |
4–6 prenatal care visits (%) | 34.74 | 20.14 | − 42.03 | 27.20 | 15.08 |
7 or more prenatal care visits (%) | 55.02 | 73.99 | 34.48 | 64.48 | 20.27 |