Infectious disease outbreaks | |||||||
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First author (year) (citation) | Crisis (year) | Types of challenges | Types of strategies | Provider groups | Setting | Type of article | Types of evaluations |
Booth (2005) [12] | SARS (2003) | Mass casualty/patient surge, damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, loss of workforce | Increase numbers: broader scope of practice Increase flexibility: telehealth/virtual care Increase support: mental health counseling for front line workers | Physicians, nurses | Critical care, hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Lessons learned |
Chaple (2017) [13] | Ebola epidemic (2013–2014) | Mass casualty/patient surge, damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, loss of workforce | Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions) | Physicians, nurses | Hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Data about patients/procedures, data about workforce |
Charney (2012) [14] | H1N1 influenza (2009) | Mass casualty/patient surge | Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments Increase flexibility: cross-sector deployment | Physicians, nurses | Emergency medical services, hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Data about patients/procedures, data about costs |
Chin (2004) [15] | SARS (2003) | Excess staff within unit | Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended | Pharmacists | Hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Lessons learned |
Chou (2010) [16] | SARS (2003) | Mass casualty/patient surge, loss of workforce | Increase numbers: back-up solutions for absenteeism, dedicated hospital Increase flexibility: rapid upskilling/reskilling existing and available workers (e.g., laid off), alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended, expanded roles Increase support: Mental health services, Housing for front-line workers | Nurses, military health workers | Critical care, hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Lessons learned |
Considine (2011) [17] | H1N1 influenza (2009) | Mass casualty/patient surge, loss of workforce | Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers with underlying health conditions, alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended, cross-sector deployment | Physicians, nurses, students | Emergency medical services, hospitals | Analytical–survey | Data about workforce (redeployment and absenteeism) |
Corley (2010) [18] | H1N1 influenza (2009) | Mass casualty/patient surge | Increase numbers: overtime hours Increase flexibility: rapid upskilling/reskilling existing and available workers (e.g., laid off), task shifting/delegation, new roles, expanded roles | Nurses | Critical care, hospitals | Analytical–qualitative | Data about workforce experience |
Crawford (2010) [19] | H1N1 influenza (2009) | Mass casualty/patient surge | Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments Increase flexibility: task shifting/delegation Increase support: mandatory off duty rotation | Medical laboratory workers | Diagnostic services | Observational–descriptive | Data about patients/procedures, lessons learned |
Cruz (2010) [20] | H1N1 influenza (2009) | Mass casualty/patient surge | Increase numbers: Field hospital Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended | Physicians, nurses, medical laboratory workers, | Emergency medical services, hospitals | Observational–descriptive | Data about patients/procedures, lessons learned |