Year | Policy | Rationale | Affiliates | Actions | National Economic and Social Development Plan of Thailand |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1966 | Propose 2-year compulsory service restriction for physicians [3] | Tackle external brain drain | Medical school | Cabinet disapproved | 1st Plan (1964–1966) Focus on disease prevention and infirmary settlement across countries |
1967 | 1. Establish 3-year compulsory service restriction for physicians [4] | Tackle external brain drain | MoPH | The government partially provided financial subsidies for 6-year undergraduate medical students. Indicate a fine of 200,000 baht if breaking the compulsory service restriction | 2nd Plan (1967–1971) Focus on workforce production and distribution from educational systems to healthcare service, especially in rural areas with difficulty in health service accessibility |
2. Assign mandated physicians as civil servants [5] | Motivate physician retention in public hospitals | OCSC | |||
1968 | 1. Propose 3- to 5-year compulsory service program for physicians [6] | 1. Tackle external brain drain | MoPH | 1. Indicate a 3-year compulsory service program for physicians | |
2. Increase physician production in provincial area [9] | 2. Increase physician production and distribution to rural areas | 2. Distribute mandate physicians to rural hospitals | |||
3. Develop central curriculum and examination for all medical institutions [10] | 3. Control standard of the medical profession | 3. Establish central examination to obtain a medical license | |||
1973 | Modify the official compulsory service restriction [11] | Tackle external brain drain | MoPH | Increase fine to 400,000 baht if breaking the compulsory service restriction | 3rd Plan (1972–1976) Increase production and distribution of public transportation to reduce inequalities between urban and rural areas |
1978, 1981 | Establish the Project of Increased Rural Physician Production [12, 13] | Increase physician production and distribution to a rural area | NESDC MoPH, MoF | Starting point of the project of rural physician production | 4th Plan (1977–1981) Increase workforce production, starting from the educational system, to meet the population's needs |
1982 | Establish 3-year compulsory service program for dentists [17] | Reduce the increasing oral diseases in a rural area | MoPH, OCSC | All junior dentists of the year 1989 have to enter compulsory service in public hospitals | 5th Plan (1982–1986) Focus on health service systems, from to district levels to subdistricts and villages |
Increase dentist production and distribution to a rural area | |||||
Tackle external brain drain of the dentist | |||||
1987 | Approve financial welfare for physicians, dentists, and pharmacists [27] | Motivate health workforce retention in public hospitals | MoPH, MoF | Additional allowance for physicians according to levels of remote area | 6th Plan (1987–1991) Focus on economic development |
1988 | Allocation of dentists to rural areas [44] | Increase dentist distribution to rural areas | MoPH, OCSC | Allocation of junior dentists to primary care hospitals, public universities, and other state enterprises | Â |
1992 | 1. Increase financial compensation for health workforces [45] | 1. Motivate health workforce retention | MoPH, MoF, BB MoI | 1. Additional allowance for physicians and dentists (Professional allowance, Shift allowance) and non-private practice allowance only for physicians | 7th Plan (1992–1996) Focus on economic development |
2. Establish Health Systems Research Institute | 2. Knowledge management for health system development | MoPH | |||
1993 | Increase financial compensation for health workforces [46] | Motivate health workforce retention | MoPH, MoF | Additional allowance for dentists and pharmacologists (non-private practice allowance) | Â |
Solving financial injustice in 1992 | |||||
1994 | Establish the Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD) [19] | Increase physician production and distribution to rural areas | MoPH | Indicate the criteria for the CPIRD applicants | Â |
1997 | Indicate compensation criteria for the health workforce [47] | Motivate health workforce retention | MoPH, MoF | Increase allowance for dentists in remote areas | 8th Plan (1997–2001) Focus on economic development |
1999 | Fulfilled university staff positions | Adjust a positioning of university staffs due to an internal education restructure | MoPH, MoUA | Reposition of civil servants in universities to state enterprise employees | |
2001 | Modified the compensation criteria according to the levels of remote area [28] | Motivate health workforce retention in remote areas | MoPH, MoF | MoPH regulation on the compensation payment 2001 (No.1) | |
2004 | 1. Modified the compensation criteria according to the level of remote areas | Motivate health workforce retention in remote areas | MoPH, MoF | 1. MoPH regulation on the compensation 2001 (revised editions) | 9th Plan (2002–2006) Focus on economic development |
2. Provided incentive for risking area/South boundary provinces [48] | Motivate health workforce retention | MoF, OCSC | 2. Benefits for the provincial risk areas under the martial law | ||
2005 | 1. The One District One Doctor (ODOD) project [49] | 1. Increase dentist distribution to rural areas | 1. MoPH, OCSC | 1. The ODOD project (12-year CS and 2 million THB fine | |
2. The Project of Increased Rural Dentist Production [20] | 2. Increase dentist production and distribution to rural areas | 2. MoPH, MoE | 2. 10-year project from 2005 to 2014 | ||
2005 | Modified the compensation criteria | Motivate health workforce retention Adjust compensation payment rate and criteria according to each rural area | MoPH, MoF | MoPH regulations on the compensation payment 2005 (No.2); increase non-private practice allowance | |
2009 | Modified the compensation criteria | Motivate health workforce retention Adjust compensation payment rate and criteria according to each rural area | MoPH, MoF | MoPH regulations on the compensation payment 2009 (No.5): indicate compensation rate of shift allowance, off-site allowance, pay for performance | 10th Plan (2007–2011) Focus on economic development |
2012 | CPIRD 2013–2017 [50] | Increase physician distribution to rural areas | MoE, SoC | CPIRD 2013–2017 | 11th Plan (2012–2016) Focus on economic development |
2013 | Modified the compensation criteria | Motivate health workforce retention | MoPH, MoF | MoPH regulations on the compensation payment 2013 (No.8): indicate non-private practice allowance | |
2013 | Modified the compensation criteria | Motivate health workforce retention | MoPH, MoF | MoPH regulations on the compensation payment 2013 (No. 9): specify the criteria, methods, and conditions of compensations | |
2016 | Modified the compensation criteria | Motivate health workforce retention Adjust compensation payment rate and criteria according to each rural area | MoPH | MoPH regulations on the compensation payment (No. 11): specify the criteria, methods, and conditions of remote area allowance |