Table 3 Disciplines and skills of IM according to the domains and activities

Advertising

Advocacy

Argumentation theory

Behavioral sciences

Cognitive science

Communication sciences (from interpersonal to mass communication)

Community engagement

Complexity science

Computational social science

Cybersecurity

Design

Digital health

Education and pedagogical sciences

Ethics

Health campaigns

Health communication

Health economics

Health informatics

Health literacy

Health service research

Health system research

Knowledge translation

Knowledge dissemination

Implementation science

Infodemiology and IM (theories, methods, tools, strategies and processes)

Institutional development

Law

Media and Journalism

Media literacy

Narratology and the rhetoric of narratives

Persuasion research

Public health (history of public health and best practice)

Organizational management

Quantitative and qualitative research methods

Risk communication

Science literacy

Scientific journalism

Social listening and social media monitoring tools

(Social) marketing

Social inequalities and health inequity

Study design

Team communication

User experience design (UXD)

• Strengthen and develop all main IM processes within institutions

• Identify and apply standards for ethical conduct in IM

• Build a network of partners for coordinated IM

Domain 1

Infodemic management

• Identify mis/disinformation

• Utilize research methods, social listening and social media monitoring tools and methods to collect data (online and offline) on an infodemic

• Identify targets for IM interventions

Domain 2

Prepare and monitor

2.1. Listen

• Tailor health communication and dissemination of health information

• Pretest messages for relevance, readability, comprehension and potential impact

• Maintain, promote and build trust in health institutions

• Communicate with the media

• Empower spokespersons to speak on behalf of institutions

Domain 2

Prepare and monitor

2.2. Inform

• Develop and implement interventions that address individual, community, cultural and societal-level factors affecting trust and resilience to misinformation

Domain 3

Detect and intervene

3.1. Intervene

• Develop and utilize standard operating procedures to collect, analyze and correct misinformation on various levels

• Build and strengthen coordinated work with partner organizations and stakeholders to act on mis/disinformation in a timely way

Domain 3

Detect and intervene

3.2. Counter

• Design and conduct impact studies

• Reflect on the results of interventions to refine overall institutional strategies against infodemics

Domain 3

Detect and intervene

3.3. Monitor

• Use frameworks and research methods to build and evaluate interventions to strengthen individuals’ and communities’ resilience against mis/disinformation

• Use theories, frameworks and strategies of communication to build or reinforce trust in institutions

Domain 3

Detect and intervene

3.4. Support

• Synthesize and present existing evidence and guidance from IM findings for specific country contexts

• Apply principles and tools of knowledge translation from IM findings to empower and reinforce health systems in IM

• Promote inter-organizational work and collaboration

Domain 4

Strengthen

4.1. Prepare

• Identify strengths and limitations in institutions’ IM programs and procedures

• Translate the findings from IM interventions and best practices to strengthen institutions’ strategies

• Collect, synthesize and transfer the findings from partners or other relevant institutions

Domain 4

4.2 Ongoing monitoring and strategy refinement

• Identify relevant topics, needs and gaps within institutions for IM training

• Build institutional relationships with relevant stakeholders (from professional categories to the mass media)

• Use the theories, methods and principles of professional learning to design, implement and evaluate training in infodemiology and IM within the institution

Domain 4

4.3 Building capacity