Table 1 Characteristics and quality assessment of the included studies
Study design | Author | Country | Participants | Study size | Relevant research questions | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systematic review | Campbell et al. 2018 | Scotland | Occupational therapists, paramedics, physiotherapists, podiatrists, psychologists, medical radiation practitioners | 39 studies | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate |
Thim et al. 2022 | Denmark | Nurses, medical practitioners, midwives | 8 studies | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate | |
Narrative review | Atesok et al. 2016 | United States | Orthopaedic residents | 21 studies | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate |
Gawad et al. 2019 | Canada | Surgical residents | 5 cohort studies | RQ 1 – skills fade RQ 2 – competency assessment | Moderate | |
Maddocks et al. 2020 | New Zealand | Military general practitioners, ICU/ emergency nurses, military and civilian nurses, resident medical officers | 10 studies | RQ 1 – skills fade RQ 2 – competency assessment | Moderate | |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Jani et al. 2019 | United States | Paediatric residents | Intervention arm N = 12 Control N = 12 | RQ 1 – skills fade | Low |
Cohort study | Clark et al. 2022 | United States | Academic anaesthesiologists | N = 61 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate |
Harkemanne et al. 2021 | Belgium | General practitioners | N = 89 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Low | |
Nathwani et al. 2017 | United States | Surgical residents | N = 27 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate | |
Paliatsiou et al. 2021 | Greece | Paediatricians, anaesthesiologists, paediatric residents, midwives, nurses and paramedics | N = 116 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate | |
Schott et al. 2021 | United States | Medical practitioners | N = 127 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate | |
Cross-sectional study | Maubon et al. 2021 | United Kingdom | Ophthalmic surgeons | N = 232 participants | RQ 1 – skills fade | Moderate |