Table 5 Learners’ scaled anxiety, depression, burnout and insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic by subgroups
Explanation of outcome | Subgroup | n | N | Pooled proportion (%) | Lower confidence interval (%) | Higher confidence interval (%) | I2 (%) | P-value for subgroup difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by ISCO group | Medical doctors | 98 | 76 730 | 30.4 | 25.6 | 35.3 | 99.5 | < 0.001 |
Nursing professionals | 11 | 3 196 | 33.0 | 20.1 | 47.4 | 98.5 | ||
Dentists | 14 | 4 812 | 32.4 | 25.4 | 39.7 | 96.3 | ||
Pharmacists | 4 | 643 | 50.0 | 45.6 | 54.5 | 19.1 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by training level | Undergraduate | 100 | 63 736 | 34.9 | 30.2 | 39.9 | 99.4 | 0.079 |
Graduate | 37 | 19 343 | 28.4 | 23.2 | 34.0 | 98.4 | ||
Undergraduate learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by year of studies | 1st | 13 | 1 551 | 25.9 | 19.7 | 32.5 | 86.6 | 0.967 |
2nd | 7 | 700 | 29.0 | 15.2 | 45.0 | 93.8 | ||
3rd | 7 | 613 | 27.8 | 13.9 | 44.0 | 94.2 | ||
4th | 6 | 428 | 21.4 | 8.8 | 37.5 | 91.8 | ||
5th | 4 | 516 | 24.9 | 10.6 | 42.7 | 92.7 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by gender | Women | 37 | 18 384 | 39.7 | 29.5 | 50.4 | 99.5 | 0.038 |
Men | 24 | 7 913 | 25.4 | 17.6 | 34.2 | 98.4 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by continent | North America | 16 | 4 769 | 26.0 | 21.4 | 31.0 | 92.6 | 0.002 |
South America | 8 | 9 523 | 47.2 | 37.2 | 57.2 | 98.8 | ||
Europe | 25 | 21 102 | 36.0 | 28.7 | 43.7 | 98.9 | ||
Asia | 82 | 54 434 | 30.8 | 25.6 | 36.2 | 99.4 | ||
Africa | 6 | 3 185 | 45.1 | 25.9 | 65.2 | 98.8 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by WHO region | American | 23 | 13 977 | 32.4 | 25.9 | 39.4 | 98.5 | < 0.001 |
European | 31 | 28 246 | 38.5 | 30.8 | 46.4 | 99.3 | ||
African | 3 | 862 | 33.1 | 15.8 | 53.1 | 94.0 | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | 43 | 17 824 | 40.4 | 34.1 | 46.8 | 98.7 | ||
South East Asian | 20 | 6 759 | 26.6 | 20.2 | 33.6 | 97.4 | ||
Western Pacific | 19 | 26 196 | 15.3 | 9.7 | 21.8 | 99.4 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate anxiety by year of study end (2020 vs 2021) | 2020 | 94 | 55 368 | 28.7 | 24.8 | 32.8 | 99.1 | 0.001 |
2021 | 29 | 22 016 | 41.9 | 35.0 | 48.9 | 98.8 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by ISCO group | Medical doctors | 84 | 66 013 | 30.2 | 25.2 | 35.4 | 99.5 | 0.370 |
Nursing professionals | 9 | 4 136 | 38.1 | 23.4 | 54.0 | 98.9 | ||
Dentists | 10 | 2 735 | 29.0 | 20.3 | 38.6 | 96.2 | ||
Pharmacists | 3 | 543 | 45.8 | 22.0 | 70.6 | 95.8 | ||
Physiotherapists | 3 | 973 | 57.3 | 20.8 | 89.7 | 98.9 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by training level | Undergraduate | 79 | 55 559 | 35.0 | 29.9 | 40.3 | 99.4 | 0.098 |
Graduate | 35 | 18 269 | 25.7 | 17.7 | 34.5 | 99.4 | ||
Continuing | 3 | 911 | 21.6 | 8.3 | 39.0 | 94.5 | ||
Undergraduate learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by year of studies | 1st | 13 | 1 388 | 34.2 | 21.5 | 48.2 | 96.2 | 0.793 |
2nd | 8 | 483 | 25.6 | 9.1 | 46.5 | 95.3 | ||
3rd | 10 | 876 | 33.2 | 21.5 | 46.0 | 93.2 | ||
4th | 8 | 640 | 23.6 | 11.7 | 38.1 | 91.8 | ||
5th | 6 | 891 | 30.6 | 18.6 | 44.1 | 93.3 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by gender | Women | 37 | 18 520 | 42.6 | 32.7 | 52.8 | 99.5 | 0.179 |
Men | 26 | 7 246 | 32.5 | 22.4 | 43.4 | 98.8 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by continent | North America | 14 | 3 779 | 22.2 | 16.1 | 28.9 | 95.0 | < 0.001 |
South America | 7 | 8 473 | 53.8 | 41.9 | 65.5 | 99.0 | ||
Europe | 24 | 19 836 | 33.0 | 26.9 | 39.3 | 98.3 | ||
Asia | 64 | 43 118 | 30.9 | 24.6 | 37.5 | 99.5 | ||
Africa | 8 | 6 868 | 45.5 | 35.9 | 55.4 | 98.0 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by WHO region | American | 20 | 11 937 | 32.7 | 23.1 | 43.0 | 99.2 | < 0.001 |
European | 31 | 25 235 | 35.9 | 26.5 | 45.9 | 99.5 | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | 32 | 17 011 | 43.6 | 36.2 | 51.2 | 99.0 | ||
South East Asian | 15 | 5 885 | 26.4 | 15.6 | 38.9 | 99.1 | ||
Western Pacific | 19 | 22 606 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 18.1 | 97.4 | ||
Learners who screened positive for at least moderate depression by year of study end (2020 vs 2021) | 2020 | 79 | 54 615 | 29.4 | 24.8 | 34.2 | 99.3 | 0.141 |
2021 | 26 | 21 266 | 36.8 | 28.8 | 45.2 | 99.1 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by ISCO group | Medical Doctors | 61 | 34 465 | 39.0 | 33.4 | 44.9 | 99.0 | 0.375 |
Dentists | 3 | 218 | 51.6 | 25.4 | 77.3 | 93.0 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by training level | Undergraduate | 18 | 14 171 | 36.0 | 27.3 | 45.1 | 98.8 | 0.712 |
Graduate | 50 | 17 891 | 38.9 | 32.3 | 45.7 | 98.7 | ||
Continuing | 3 | 911 | 26.5 | 2.9 | 61.7 | 98.5 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by gender | Women | 10 | 2 084 | 25.2 | 15.3 | 36.6 | 96.4 | 0.216 |
Men | 8 | 1 110 | 39.8 | 20.5 | 60.8 | 98.0 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by continent | North America | 22 | 5 482 | 41.7 | 32.5 | 51.2 | 97.8 | 0.492 |
South America | 4 | 6 648 | 28.5 | 9.4 | 52.8 | 99.7 | ||
Europe | 21 | 16 584 | 32.8 | 22.2 | 44.4 | 99.2 | ||
Asia | 13 | 4 140 | 41.8 | 27.3 | 57.0 | 98.9 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by WHO region | American | 27 | 12 241 | 40.8 | 32.6 | 49.2 | 98.7 | 0.574 |
European | 23 | 17 859 | 33.8 | 23.4 | 45.0 | 99.3 | ||
Eastern Mediterranean | 8 | 1 822 | 38.6 | 19.9 | 59.2 | 98.6 | ||
Learners who screened positive for burnout by year of study end (2020 vs 2021) | 2020 | 41 | 16 743 | 37.3 | 30.1 | 44.7 | 98.9 | 0.149 |
2021 | 13 | 16 401 | 46.8 | 36.4 | 57.4 | 98.9 | ||
Learners who screened positive for insomnia by year of study end (2020 vs 2021) | 2020 | 12 | 7 941 | 24.6 | 14.5 | 36.3 | 99.2 | 0.023 |
2021 | 4 | 1 512 | 50.5 | 31.4 | 69.5 | 98.0 |