Table 3 Risk of bias assessments using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample representativeness | Sample size | Non-respondents | Exposure (risk factor) ascertainment | Comparable groups. Confounding factors are controlled | Outcome Assessment | Statistical test | Total Score (Maximum – 10) | |
Al‐Faouri et al. 2021 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Arslan et al. 2021 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Assaye et al., 2022 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Bacaksiz et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Bekker et al., 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Chegini et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Du et al. 2020 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Dutra et al. 2019 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Gathara et al. 2020 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
Ghezeljeh et al. 2020 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Haftu et al. 2019 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Hammad et al. 2021 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Hernández-Cruz et al. 2017 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
John et al., 2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Kalisch et al. 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Kalisch et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Labrague et al. 2021 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Labrague et al., 2022 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Lima et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Moreno-Monsiváis et al. 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Moura et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Nahasaram et al. 2021 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Nantsupawat et al., 2022 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Pereira Lima Silva et al. 2020 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Saqer et al. 2018 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Silva et al. 2021 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Siqueira et al., 2017 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Taskiran et al., 2022 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Valles et al., 2021 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Zárate-Grajales, 2022 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Zhu et al. 2019 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |