Table 2 Categorization of results
Interventions | n | Description |
|---|---|---|
1. Training | 174 | “A systematic process through which a team is trained to master and improve different aspects of team functioning.” [8] |
1.1 Principle-based training | ||
a. CRM-based training | 40 | “Training based on a management concept used in the aviation industry to improve teamwork. CRM encompasses a wide range of knowledge, skills, and attitudes including communication, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork.” [8] |
b. TeamSTEPPS | 28 | A specific set of strategies and techniques, aimed at optimizing patient outcomes by improving communication and teamwork skills among healthcare professionals. (https://www.ahrq.gov/teamstepps/index.html) |
1.2 Method-based training: Simulation-based training | 69 | “Training that recreates characteristics of the real world.” [8] |
1.3 General team training | 37 | General team training includes studies that each has a unique combination of principles and learning methods. |
2. Tools | 83 | Specific instruments that teams can use to improve teamwork [8] |
2.1 Structuring tools | Tools that are used to partly standardize the process of team interaction. | |
a. SBAR | 11 | The SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) is a framework for communication between team members about a patient’s condition. (www.ihi.org) |
b. (De)briefing checklist | 51 | A tool that creates an opportunity for professionals to systematically communicate and discuss (potential) issues before or after delivering care to a patient, based on a structured format of elements/topics; checklist. |
c. Rounds | 7 | A structured interdisciplinary meeting around a patient. |
2.2 Facilitating tools | 7 | Tools (often technology) that facilitate communication between team members. |
2.3 Triggering tools | 7 | Tools that help provide information (e.g. dashboards) to incentivize team interaction. |
3. Organizational (re)design | 16 | Design or redesign of organizational structures with the aim of improving team processes and team functioning. |
4. Programme | 24 | A combination of interventions (training, tools, and/or organizational (re)design) bundled in a program that aims to improve team functioning. |
Total | 297 |