Table 2 Univariate analysis of retained volunteer community health workers by level of categorical predictors, Dhaka urban slums, 2009 a
Independent variables | Retained CHWs (%) | RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||
Age | ||
>25 yr of age (n = 103) | 67.96 | 1.00 |
25 to 45 yr of age (n = 394) | 80.20 | 1.18b (1.02 to 1.36) |
>45 yr of age (n = 45) | 80.00 | 1.18 (0.97 to 1.43) |
Marital status | ||
Unmarried (n = 11) | 54.55 | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.20) |
Married (n = 467) | 78.16 | 1.00 |
Widow, divorced or separated (n = 64) | 79.69 | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16) |
Primary education or higher | ||
Yes (n = 225) | 74.67 | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.02) |
No (n = 317) | 80.13 | |
Duration of stay in the slum | ||
< 10 yr (n = 167) | 70.66 | 1.00 |
10 to 20 yr (n = 213) | 80.28 | 1.14b (1.01 to 1.28) |
>20 yr (n = 162) | 82.10 | 1.16b (1.03 to 1.31) |
Household asset quintiles | ||
Poorest (n = 116) | 71.55 | 1.00 |
Lower middle (n = 104) | 83.65 | 1.17b (1.01 to 1.35) |
Middle (n = 120) | 75.00 | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) |
Upper middle (n = 82) | 78.05 | 1.09 (0.93 to 1.28) |
Richest (n = 120) | 81.67 | 1.14c (0.99 to 1.32) |
Household had a loan | ||
Yes (n = 232) | 81.03 | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.17) |
No (n = 310) | 75.48 | |
Motivational factors | ||
Family disapproval | ||
Yes (n = 150) | 80.67 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) |
No (n = 392) | 76.79 | |
Positive family attitude | ||
Yes (n = 441) | 78.23 | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) |
No (n = 101) | 76.24 | |
Average monthly CHW income | ||
<US$ 5.92 (n = 231) | 73.59 | 1.00 |
US$ 5.92 to US$ 7.64 (n = 99) | 77.78 | 1.06 (0.93 to 1.20) |
>US$ 7.64 (n = 212) | 82.55 | 1.12b (1.02 to 1.24) |
Joined with expectation of income | ||
Yes (n = 328) | 78.35 | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) |
No (n = 214) | 77.10 | |
Change in social prestige | ||
Less than before (n = 141) | 73.05 | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.03) |
No change (n = 203) | 80.30 | 1.00 |
More than before (n = 198) | 78.79 | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) |
Joined with expectation of social recognition | ||
Yes (n = 150) | 74.00 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.04) |
No (n = 392) | 79.34 | |
Harassed while working in the community | ||
Yes (n = 64) | 85.94 | 1.12b (1.00 to 1.25) |
No (n = 478) | 76.78 | |
Community approval | ||
Yes (n = 427) | 78.22 | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) |
No (n = 115) | 76.52 | |
Positive community appraisal | ||
Yes (n = 503) | 79.52 | 1.41b (1.07 to 1.86) |
No (n = 39) | 56.41 | |
Effect of CHW role on other income sources | ||
Yes (n = 53) | 69.81 | 0.89 (0.74 to 1.06) |
No (n = 489) | 78.73 | |
Difficult to run family without CHW income | ||
Yes (n = 306) | 78.10 | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.10) |
No (n = 236) | 77.54 | |
Organizational inputs | ||
Village organization membership | ||
Yes (n = 190) | 79.47 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) |
No (n = 352) | 76.99 | |
Attending refresher training regularly | ||
Yes (n = 527) | 79.13 | 2.37b (1.16 to 4.87) |
No (n = 15) | 33.33 | |
Competitive factors | ||
Conflict with household responsibilities | ||
Yes (n = 74) | 78.38 | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.15) |
No (n = 468) | 77.78 | |
Competition with other providers | ||
Yes (n = 60) | 78.22 | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) |
No (n = 482) | 75.00 | |
Competition with other employment | ||
Yes (n = 208) | 79.33 | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) |
No (n = 334) | 76.95 | |
Involved with other NGOs | ||
Yes (n = 248) | 83.47 | 1.14b (1.04 to 1.25) |
No (n = 294) | 73.13 | |
Working for another health program | ||
Yes (n = 34) | 67.65 | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.09) |
No (n = 508) | 78.54 |