Figure 7

Association between practitioner ratios and gross domestic product (GDP) and government health expenditure (GHE). Using locally weighted scatter plot smoothing to visualize associations, increasing monotonic relationships are apparent between practitioner to population ratios presented and GDP/GHE (strongly/almost ever-increasing for ophthalmologists versus GDP at P < 0.05 and weakly increasing for the other observations at 0.1 > P > 0.05). Botswana is an outlier in all graphs, with both a high GDP and GHE.