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Table 3 Descriptive statistics of all dependent and continuous independent variables, the secondary tier of medical care as a unit of analysis (n = 346) The numbers after each variable name indicate the years used in the analyses

From: Evaluating the effect of Japan’s 2004 postgraduate training programme on the spatial distribution of physicians

 

1998 to 2002

2006 to 2010

 
 

Mean

SD a

95% CIs b

Mean

SD a

95% CIs b

P -value c

Changes in number of all physicians

36.53

62.10

[29.97 to 43.1]

48.82

120.76

[36.05 to 61.59]

.093

Changes in number of physicians working at the hospital

17.43

38.98

[13.31 to 21.55]

36.53

93.92

[26.6 to 46.46]

< .001

Changes in number of physicians working at the clinics

19.10

35.83

[15.32 to 22.89]

12.29

35.07

[8.58 to 16.00]

.012

Number of all physicians 1998/2006

703.00

1,000.90

[628.3 to 777.7]

786.10

1,144.90

[700.6 to 871.5]

.151

Number of physicians working at the hospital 1998/2006

451.20

670.90

[401.1 to 501.3]

504.80

770.70

[447.2 to 562.3]

.168

Number of physicians working at the clinic 1998/2006

251.80

346.80

[226.0 to 277.7]

281.30

390.70

[252.2 to 310.5]

.138

Age-adjusted mortality 1999/2006

1.15

0.07

[1.15 to 1.16]

0.99

0.06

[0.99 to 1.00]

< .001

Physician densityd 1998/2006

1.70

0.80

[1.64 to 1.76]

1.85

0.85

[1.78 to 1.91]

.001

Hospital physician densitye 1998/2006

1.07

0.63

[1.03 to 1.12]

1.16

0.68

[1.11 to 1.12]

.011

Clinic physician densityf 1998/2006

0.63

0.22

[0.61 to 0.64]

0.68

0.23

[0.67 to 0.70]

< .001

Total population (thousands) 1998/2006

364.20

399.50

[334.40 to 394.00]

367.20

417.70

[336.00 to 398.40]

.891

Per capita income (thousands)g 1998/2006

11.75

3.31

[11.51 to 12]

11.36

3.15

[11.12 to 11.59]

.023

Percent of the population with a college-level education 2000/((2000 + 2010)/2)h

10.81

5.25

[10.26 to 11.37]

11.92

5.39

[11.35 to 12.49]

.006

Unemployment rate ((1995 + 2000)/2)i/2005

4.06

1.19

[3.93 to 4.18]

5.78

1.50

[5.63 to 5.94]

< .001

Percent of white-collar workers ((1995 + 2000)/2)i/2005

14.42

2.40

[14.17 to 14.68]

13.96

2.25

[13.73 to 14.2]

.010

Socioeconomic status (SES) composite indexj

-0.02

1.02

[-0.13 to 0.09]

0.02

0.98

[-0.08 to 0.12]

.593

Number of primary students/school 1998/2006

281.20

133.00

[271.3 to 291.1]

274.00

138.80

[263.7 to 284.4]

.325

Crime rate 1998/2006

1.47

0.73

[1.42 to 1.52]

1.10

0.53

[1.06 to 1.14]

< .001

Temperature (°C) 1998/2006

15.82

2.53

[15.3 to 16.34]

15.59

2.36

[15.10 to 16.07]

.517

Humidity (%) 1998/2006

70.28

4.70

[69.31 to 71.25]

69.44

4.36

[68.54 to 70.33]

.205

Discomfort indexk

60.05

3.87

[59.25 to 60.84]

59.68

3.58

[58.94 to 60.41]

.500

Hospital beds per 1,000 population 1998/2006

13.89

4.75

[13.54 to 14.24]

13.89

4.62

[13.55 to 14.24]

.990

  1. aStandard deviation.
  2. bConfidence intervals.
  3. cP-value of mean equality test.
  4. dNumber of all physicians per 1,000 population.
  5. eNumber of physicians working at hospitals per 1,000 population.
  6. fNumber of physicians working at health care facilities per 1,000 population.
  7. gJapanese yen was converted into US$ using the rate that applied in March 2013 of approximately 95 Japanese yen per US$.
  8. hThe percent of college-level education is only collected every 10 years. Data from 2000 were applied to the time period 1998 to 2002, and the mean of 2000 and 2010 data were applied to the time period 2006 to 2010.
  9. iUnemployment rates and the percentage of white-collar workers were calculated using the mean of 1995 and 2000 data and applied to the time period 1998 to2002.
  10. jA composite index of socioeconomic indicators created from the percent of the population with a college-level education, percent of white-collar workers, the unemployment rate, and per capita income.
  11. kCalculated by using temperature and humidity.
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Human Resources for Health

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