Level | Constraint | Estimated size of the constraints in the context of scaling-up in low- and middle-income countries |
---|---|---|
Individual characteristics | Â | |
 | Gender | ++ |
 | Social class and ethnicity of staff | +++ |
 | Demand for medical training | + |
 | Disease* | ++ |
Health service level | Â | |
 | Team building and interaction | ++ |
 | Surpluses, shortages and skill mix at health service level | ++ |
 | Physical working environment | + |
Health sector level | Â | |
 | Salary level and monetary incentives | ++ |
 | Performance management and productivity | +++ |
 | Composition of workforce and skill mix | ++ |
 | Geographical imbalances | +++ |
 | Retention policy | ++ |
 | Health sector reform | ++ |
 | HRH policy | +++ |
Training capacities | Â | |
 | Initial training | +++ |
 | Re-training | +++ |
Sociopolitical and economic context of a country | Â | |
 | Multisectoral approaches | ++ |
 | Migration | ++ |
 | Governance and overall policy framework | +++ |