Table 4 Demographic characteristics of the study sample in IHDS-I (2005) and IHDS-II (2012) surveys

Maternal age (years)

 15–19

438

3.75%

294

2.12%

 20–24

3 361

28.80%

3 180

22.91%

 25–29

3 979

34.10%

5 051

36.39%

 30–34

2 241

19.20%

3 197

23.03%

 35–39

1 180

10.11%

1 455

10.48%

 ≥ 40

471

4.04%

704

5.07%

Education

 No education

5 312

45.52%

4 592

33.08%

 1–5 years

1 774

15.20%

2 042

14.71%

 6–11 years

3 287

28.17%

5 101

36.75%

 12 years or more

1 091

9.35%

2 139

15.41%

 Missing

204

1.75%

8

0.06%

Caste

 Forward caste

3 012

25.81%

3 512

25.30%

 Other backward castes

4 953

42.44%

5 919

42.64%

 Scheduled castes

2 706

23.19%

3 230

23.27%

 Scheduled tribes

999

8.56%

1 191

8.58%

 Missing

29

0.21%

Religion

 Hindu

9 413

80.66%

11 152

80.34%

 Muslim

1 627

13.94%

2 121

15.28%

 Others religions

630

5.40%

608

4.38%

States

 Other states

5 212

44.66%

6 081

43.81%

 High-focus states

6 148

52.68%

7 278

52.43%

 Northeast states

310

2.66%

522

3.76%

Urban/rural residence

 Rural

8 625

73.91%

9 886

71.22%

 Urban

3 045

26.09%

3 995

28.78%

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

3 475

29.78%

3 766

27.13%

 Lower

2 688

23.03%

2 918

21.02%

 Middle

2 248

19.26%

2 553

18.39%

 Richer

1 791

15.35%

2 440

17.58%

 Richest

1 467

12.57%

2 204

15.88%