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Table 2 Illustrative indicators for community health worker performance measurement

From: A conceptual framework for measuring community health workforce performance within primary health care systems

Illustrative indicators

Indicator relevance/use by:

Suggested data sources**

Facility manager/QI team

District managers

Regional and national MOH

H: High data use M: Medium data use

 

Domain 1: Supportive systems

 

Sub-domain A: Supervision and performance appraisal

1.

#/% of supervisors trained in management and supervision of CHWs

H

H

M

Training logs

2.

Ratio of CHWs to supervisors

H

H

M

HRIS

3.

#/% of supervisory visits that met the quality criterion

H

H

M

Special studies

4.

Average # of visits per supervisor to monitor/support CHW activities in the last month

H

H

M

Supervisor report/special studies

5.

#/% of CHWs who received a supervisory visit in the last 1–3 months that includes review of reports and data collected

H

H

M

CHW report

6.

Average # of supervisory contacts (in-person visits, phone calls, text messages, etc.) per CHW

H

H

M

CHW report

 

Sub-domain B: Data use

7.

#/% of health workers (CHWs/supervisors/health facility staff) who have access to client data AND who report using the data to make decisions about their provision of services

H

H

M

Special studies (CHW survey)

8.

#/% of national/sub-national/facility/community meetings in which data (from standardized reporting platforms etc.) are discussed/reviewed

H

H

H

Routine meeting minutes

9.

#/% of CHWs who have access to the client data they have collected (for follow-up) in the last 6 months

H

H

M

CHIS/HMIS

Domain 2: CHW development

 

Sub-domain A: Recruitment

10.

#/% of CHWs who have been selected in alignment with selection criteria

M

H

H

HMIS/HRIS/training logs

11.

# of CHWs who have been selected/recruited

H

H

H

HRIS

12.

#/% of target communities/populations that have an assigned CHW

H

H

H

HRIS

 

Sub-domain B: Training

13.

#/% of CHWs who have received initial training

M

H

H

HRIS/training logs

14.

#/% of CHWs who have received follow-up training in the last 2 years

M

H

H

HRIS/training logs

15.

#/% of CHWs who have completed the certification program

M

H

H

HRIS/training logs

 

Sub-domain C: Incentives

16.

#/% of CHWs who have received their stipend in the last month

M

H

H

CHW report/supervisor report/special survey

17.

#/% of CHWs who have received a specific non-financial incentive

M

H

H

CHW report/supervisor report/special studies

Domain 3: Support from community-based groups

18.

# of planning/review meetings held at the level of the local government to discuss CHW program performance

M

H

H

Meeting minutes/special studies

Domain 4: CHW competency

 

Sub-domain A: CHW knowledge

19.

#/% of CHWs who have passed knowledge/competency tests (following training)

H

H

H

Training/accreditation logs

20.

#/% of CHWs who express that they feel confidence in their abilities to provide health education

H

H

H

Special studies

21.

#/% of CHWs who express confidence in their abilities to deliver basic healthcare services

H

H

H

Special studies

 

Sub-domain B: Service delivery

22.

Average # of home visits made by CHWs in the last month (indicator to be disaggregated by type of home visit—i.e., sick child visit, antenatal care)

H

H

M

CHW record/CHW report

 

Sub-domain C: Service quality

23.

#/% of CHWs who correctly identified the case/health problem (as per items in a checklist)

H

H

H

Special studies/supervisor report

24.

#/% of CHWs who correctly addressed (treated) the identified health problem (as per items in a checklist)

H

H

H

Special studies/supervisor report

25.

#/% of CHWs with all the key stock commodities in the last reporting period

H

H

H

CHW report

26.

Average time from onset of symptom to first contact with CHW

H

M

M

Special studies

 

Sub-domain D: Data reporting

27.

#/% of CHWs who submitted reports in the last month

H

H

M

CHIS/HMIS/supervisor report

28.

#/% of CHW reports submitted that were complete/did not have missing information

H

H

M

CHIS/HMIS/supervisor report

 

Sub-domain E: Absenteeism

29.

#/% of CHWs who reported on their activities in the last month

H

H

H

CHIS/HMIS

30.

# of days CHW has performed at least one CHW responsibility in the last month

H

H

H

Special studies/supervisor report

Domain 5: CHW well-being

 

Sub-domain A: Motivation

31.

Composite metric

H

H

H

Special studies

 

Sub-domain B: Job satisfaction

32.

#/% of CHWs who expressed satisfaction with the community support they receive

H

H

M

Supervisor report/special studies

33.

#/% of CHWs who expressed satisfaction with the support they receive from health facility staff

H

H

M

Supervisor report/special studies

 

Sub-Domain C: Attrition/retention

34.

In the last 3 months, #/% of CHWs who have reported on their activities

H

H

H

CHIS/HMIS

Domain 6: Community access

 

Sub-domain A: Use of services

35.

#/% of households who received at least one visit by a CHW in the last 3 months

H

H

M

Special studies

 

Sub-domain B: Knowledge of service availability

36.

#/% of community members that know the name of the community CHWs

H

H

M

Special studies

37.

#/% of community members who can name at least 3 services that the CHW provides

H

H

M

Special studies

 

Sub-domain C: Referral/counter-referral

38.

% of individuals referred by CHW to the health facility per 100 clients seen (and subset by reasons for referral)

H

H

H

CHIS/HMIS/CHW record

39.

#/% of clients that completed the referral at the health facility (referral completion)

H

H

H

CHIS/HMIS

40.

#/% of referred clients seen at receiving service (health facility) that is seen back at referring service (CHW) with complete counter-referral information (counter-referral)

H

H

H

CHIS/HMIS

41.

Average # of referrals made per CHW in the last month

H

H

H

CHW report/CHW record

Domain 7: Community-centered care

 

Sub-domain A: Empowerment

42.

Composite metric

M

H

H

Special studies

 

Sub-domain B: Experience of care

43.

#/% of women/households who express satisfaction with services they received from the CHW in the last 3 months

H

H

H

Special studies/community scorecards

44.

#/% of women who report that in their interaction with the CHW they felt humiliated or disrespected (scale 1–5)

H

H

H

Special studies/community scorecards

 

Sub-domain D: Credibility/trust of CHW

45.

#/% of women/clients who report they trust the health information provided by the CHW

H

H

H

Special studies/community scorecard

46.

#/% of women/clients who report they trust the treatment services provided by the CHW

H

H

H

Special studies/community scorecard

  1. Measurement Consideration 8: Equity, Gender, and Accountability: Each of the above indicators may be disaggregated by one or more of the following characteristics to assess possible equity gaps or disparities: education, ethnicity, family type, health risk-level, immigration/migrant status, language, marital status, occupation, refugee/asylee status, religion, sex, social capital, tribe, village size, wealth
  2. Measurement Consideration 9: Economic Evaluation: While no extant routine or recommended indicators for measuring CHW program performance were identified, metrics for cost-related benefits of institutionalizing CHW programs and engaging communities are important to capture and require further exploration
  3. **Special studies may include cross-sectional, intermittent surveys of a sample of CHWs, supervisors and/or community members. In case of quality of care, a special study might include direct observation of the CHW during a client interaction
  4. HRIS Human Resource Information System: a national/sub-national HRH database or registry, either digital or paper-based (e.g., iHRIS), that manages health workforce information such as number of health workers (e.g., CHWs) recruited, trained, and on payroll
  5. CHIS/HMIS Community Health Information Systems/Health Management Information Systems
  6. CHW record: Routine records or community-based client registries maintained by CHW
  7. CHW report: Summative reports on the number of home visits and types of client seen, typically submitted on a pre-determined schedule by CHWs to their supervisors
  8. Supervisor report: Summative reports on activities of CHWs and other community-based logistics, routine submitted by supervisors to district or regional level administration
  9. Bold entries are domain and sub-domain sections