Table 1 Summary of sub-themes assessed and tool used

Sub-theme assessed

Stress or psychological distress (n = 28)

Job satisfaction (n = 14)

Depression (n = 12)

Sleep (n = 11)

Burnout (n = 10)

Anxiety (n = 8)

Overall well-being (n = 5)

Fatigue (n = 4)

Quality of life (n = 3)

Wellness (n = 2)

Empathy (n = 1)

Coping strategy (n = 1)

Mood (n = 1)

Loneliness (n = 1)

Life satisfaction (n = 1)

Supervision (n = 26)

Support (n = 15)

Learning or educational environment (n = 15)

Teaching (n = 14)

Preparedness (n = 14)

Teamwork (n = 14)

Feedback (n = 12)

Communication (n = 11)

Induction (n = 9)

Professionalism (n = 8)

Handoff (n = 6)

Career development (n = 5)

Overall educational experience (n = 1)

Workload or work hours (n = 35)

Safety (n = 14)

Harassment or bullying (n = 11)

Food and accommodation (n = 10)

Pay and remuneration (n = 5)

Infrastructure (n = 3)

Work–family conflict (n = 2)

Tools used in two or more studies used twice or more, or used once but with actual internal validity or reliability evidence within their study population

Maslach Burnout Inventory (n = 6)

Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (n = 6)*

General Health Questionnaire-12 or 30 (n = 5)

Perceived stress scale (n = 4)*

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (n = 3)*

Brief resident wellness profile (n = 2)*

Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (n = 2)*

Cooper Job Stress (n = 2)*

Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (n = 2)*

Occupational Stress Indicator (n = 2)*

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (n = 2)

UK Medical Career Research Group (n = 2)

Anxiety about professional future (n = 1)*

Chalder Fatigue Scale (n = 1)*

Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (n = 1)*

Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI) (n = 1)*

General stressor questionnaire (n = 1)*

Job satisfaction scale (n = 1)*

Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (n = 1)*

Minnesota Satisfaction Scale (n = 1)*

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scales (n = 1)*

State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (n = 1)*

State–Trait Depression Scale (n = 1)*

UK Medical Career Research Group survey (n = 5)

Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (n = 4)*

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Resident Survey (n = 2)

Junior Doctor Assessment Tool (n = 2)*

Climate for learning (n = 1)*

Cognitive Behaviour Survey—Residency (n = 1)*

Friesen et al. 2008 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Graduate Medical Education Committee annual survey (n = 1)*

Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise (n = 1)*

Hannan et al. 2017 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Learning environment professionalism survey (n = 1)*Lubben Social Network Scale (n = 1)*

Mentorship effectiveness Scale (n = 1)*

Modified Resident Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Reynolds et al. 2019 questionnaire (n = 1)*Short Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (n = 1)*

Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Speaking Up Climates (n = 1)*

Touchie et al. 2014 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Work Analysis Instrument for Hospitals (n = 1)*

Yusoff et al. 2011 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (n = 4)*

UK Medical Career Research Group survey (n = 3)

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Resident Survey (n = 2)

Cyber Negative Acts Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Graduate Medical Education Committee annual survey (n = 1)*

Hannan et al. 2017 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Modified Resident Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Psychological Safety Scale (n = 1)*

Robson et al. 2011 questionnaire (n = 1)*

Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (n = 1)*

Speaking Up Climates (n = 1)*

Work Analysis Instrument for Hospitals (n = 1)*

Yusoff et al. 2011 questionnaire (n = 1)*