Table 4 Direct, indirect, and total effects analysis

Direct effects

 Perceived management support (PMS^a)

0.356***

–

–

–

–

–

–

 PMS^b

0.072

0.153**

0.352***

0.348***

0.314***

0.364***

− 0.415***

 Intrinsic motivation (IM)

0.112*

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Integrated motivation (Integ)

0.15**

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Identified motivation (Ident)

0.233***

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Introjected motivation (Introj)

0.136***

–

–

–

–

–

–

 External motivation (Ext)

0.291***

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Amotivation (Amo)

− 0.094*

–

–

–

–

–

–

Indirect effects of PMS

95% Confidence interval (CI)

 Through Intrinsic motivation

0.017*

(0.019, 0.167)

 Through Integrated motivation

0.053**

(0.020, 0.182)

 Through Identified motivation

0.081***

(0.101, 0.272)

 Through Introjected motivation

0.043**

(0.010, 0.199)

 Through External motivation

0.106***

(0.105, 0.269)

 Through Amotivation

− 0.039*

(− 0.181, − 0.007)

 Total effects of PMS

0.333***