Table 3 Quality appraisal of the included studies
Included studies | Quantitative descriptive criteria | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | Is the sample representative of the target population? | Are the measurements appropriate? | Is the risk of nonresponse bias low? | Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? | |
Walter et al. (2019) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Sheehan et al. (2013) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Poot et al. (2016) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | Yes |
Haag et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Farrar et al. (2001) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Selamu et al. (2019) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Waddimba et al. (2016) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Chen et al. (2021) | Unsure | Unsure | Unsure | Unsure | Unsure |
Zhou et al. (2022) | No | Unsure | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Wang et al. (2023) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Jia et al. (2014) | Yes | Yes | Unsure | Yes | Yes |
Dong et al. (2022) | Yes | Unsure | Yes | Unsure | Yes |
Wu et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
He et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Qualitative criteria | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis, and interpretation? | |
Mutemwa et al. (2013) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Vickers et al. (2013) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Rodríguez et al. (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Mixed methods criteria | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed-methods design to address the research question? | Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? | Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? | Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? | Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved? | |
Purcell et al. (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure |
Kaitz et al. (2021) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Kool et al. (2008) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Jin et al. (2019) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Zhang (2022) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Zhou et al. (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Zhang et al. (2022) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Wang (2017) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ti (2019) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ma et al. (2018) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Lin (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Deng et al. (2021) | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |