Table 4 Baseline characteristics of ICU inpatients
| Â | Death | Â | Survived | Total | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n/M | %/SD | n/M | %/SD | n/M | %/SD | Â |
Quality assessment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 2nd | 4236 | (12.0) | 31,078 | (88.0) | 35,314 | (48.5) | .438 |
 3rd | 4435 | (11.8) | 33,130 | (88.2) | 37,565 | (51.5) |  |
Intensivist physician staffing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 6167 | (11.6) | 47,037 | (88.4) | 53,204 | (73.0) |  < .001 |
 No | 2504 | (12.7) | 17,171 | (87.3) | 19,675 | (27.0) |  |
Nurse-to-ICU bed ratio | 0.76 |  ± 0.52 | 0.74 |  ± 0.51 | 0.74 |  ± 0.51 |  < .001 |
Number of experienced nurses | 45.09 |  ± 42.33 | 49.64 |  ± 46.94 | 49.10 |  ± 46.44 |  < .001 |
Number of ICU specialized equipment | 4.70 |  ± 1.46 | 4.77 |  ± 1.40 | 4.76 |  ± 1.41 |  < .001 |
Number of ICU care protocols | 8.89 |  ± 0.90 | 8.92 |  ± 0.70 | 8.92 |  ± 0.73 |  < .001 |
Number of infection prevention bundles | 3.07 |  ± 0.96 | 3.13 |  ± 0.91 | 3.12 |  ± 0.91 |  < .001 |
Type of hospital | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Tertiary hospital | 3286 | (11.4) | 25,459 | (88.6) | 28,745 | (39.4) | .002 |
 General hospital | 5385 | (12.2) | 38,749 | (87.8) | 44,134 | (60.6) |  |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Capital area | 3539 | (11.6) | 26,894 | (88.4) | 30,433 | (41.8) | .078 |
 Metropolitan | 2288 | (11.9) | 16,973 | (88.1) | 19,261 | (26.4) |  |
 Other | 2844 | (12.3) | 20,341 | (87.7) | 23,185 | (31.8) |  |
Number of beds | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 300 | 1503 | (12.9) | 10,121 | (87.1) | 11,624 | (15.9) |  < .001 |
 < 500 | 1310 | (11.7) | 9,933 | (88.3) | 11,243 | (15.4) |  |
 < 700 | 1489 | (12.0) | 10,923 | (88.0) | 12,412 | (17.0) |  |
 < 900 | 2144 | (12.7) | 14,738 | (87.3) | 16,882 | (23.2) |  |
 ≥ 900 | 2225 | (10.7) | 18,493 | (89.3) | 20,718 | (28.4) |  |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 5111 | (12.3) | 36,455 | (87.7) | 41,566 | (57.0) |  < .001 |
 Female | 3560 | (11.4) | 27,753 | (88.6) | 31,313 | (43.0) |  |
Age (years) | 71.86 |  ± 14.09 | 68.37 |  ± 15.40 | 68.79 |  ± 15.29 |  < .001 |
Ventilator application | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 5850 | (27.7) | 15,249 | (72.3) | 21,099 | (29.0) |  < .001 |
 No | 2821 | (5.4) | 48,959 | (94.6) | 51,780 | (71.0) |  |
Central venous catheter application | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 4466 | (25.5) | 13,069 | (74.5) | 17,535 | (24.1) |  < .001 |
 No | 4205 | (7.6) | 51,139 | (92.4) | 55,344 | (75.9) |  |
Health insurance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 NHI | 7155 | (12.0) | 52,708 | (88.0) | 59,863 | (82.1) | 0.616 |
 Medical aid | 1504 | (11.6) | 11,413 | (88.4) | 12,917 | (17.7) |  |
 Veteran | 12 | (12.1) | 87 | (87.9) | 99 | (0.1) |  |
Disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Circulatory system (I00–I99) | 2478 | (10.3) | 21,571 | (89.7) | 24,049 | (33.0) |  < .001 |
 Respiratory system (J00–J99) | 1858 | (17.7) | 8647 | (82.3) | 10,505 | (14.4) |  |
 Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes (S00–T98) | 707 | (8.5) | 7635 | (91.5) | 8342 | (11.4) |  |
 Digestive system (K00–K93) | 612 | (8.8) | 6352 | (91.2) | 6964 | (9.6) |  |
 Genitourinary system (N00–N99) | 444 | (9.1) | 4414 | (90.9) | 4858 | (6.7) |  |
 Malignant neoplasms (C00–C97) | 1154 | (18.6) | 5040 | (81.4) | 6194 | (8.5) |  |
 Nervous system (G00–G99) | 136 | (6.4) | 1988 | (93.6) | 2124 | (2.9) |  |
 Certain infections and parasitic diseases (A00–B99) | 666 | (20.0) | 2661 | (80.0) | 3327 | (4.6) |  |
 Other | 616 | (9.5) | 5900 | (90.5) | 6516 | (8.9) |  |
Total | 8671 | (11.9) | 64,208 | (88.1) | 72,879 | (100) | |