Macinko J, Starfield B, Shi L. The contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970-1998. Health Services Research. 2003;38:831–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhao Y, Thomas SL, Guthridge SL, Wakerman J. Better health outcomes at lower costs: the benefits of primary care utilisation for chronic disease management in remote Indigenous communities in Australia's Northern Territory. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:463 Available from: http://www.biomedcentrl.com/1472-6963/14/463.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018. Australia’s Health. (Australia’s health series no. 16. AUS 221: 259-269). Canberra: AIHW;2018.
Anderson I, Robson B, Connolly M, Al-Yaman F, Bjertness E, King A, et al. Indigenous and tribal peoples’ health (The Lancet–Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study. Lancet. 2016;388:131–157. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00345-7
Article
Google Scholar
Wakerman J, Bourke L, Humphreys JS, Taylor J 2017 Is remote health different to rural health? Rural Remote Health. 17(2): 3832. doi: 10.22605/RRH3832.
Mason J. Review of Australian Government Health Workforce Programs. Australian Government Department of Health: Canberra; 2013.
Google Scholar
Studdert L. Remote Area Health Corps: nurses making a contribution to primary health services in the NT. Australas Emerg Nurs J. 2010;13:142.
Article
Google Scholar
Busbridge MB, Smith A. Fly in/fly out health workers: a barrier to quality in health care. Rural Remote Health. 2015;15:3339 Available from: www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/3339.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hunter E. “In Indigenous health the relentless ‘pursuit of efficiency’ masks an alarming drop in care.” Weekend Australian. 2015; November 28-29.
Lenthall S, Wakerman J, Opie T, Dunn S, MacLeod M, Dollard M, et al. Nursing workforce in very remote Australia, characteristics and key issues. Aust J Rural Health. 2011;19:32–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duffield CM, Roche MA, Homer C, Buchan J, Dimitrells S. A comparative review of nurse turnover rates and costs across countries. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70:2703–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
World Health Organisation. Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: Global policy recommendations. WHO: Geneva;2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/hrh/retention/guidelines/en/index.html
Cherba M. Akearok GKH, Macdonakd WA. Addressing provider turnover to improve health outcomes in Nunavut. CMAJ. 2019;191:E361-E364. Available from: Doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180908
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Northern Territory Government Department of Health. Remote area nurse safety: on-call after hours security. Darwin: NT Department of Health;2016.
Wakerman J, Curry R, McEldowney R. Fly in/fly out health services: the panacea or the problem? (editorial). Rural Remote Health. 2012;12:2268 Available from: https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2268.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wakerman J, Humphreys J, Bourke L, Dunbar T, Jones M, Carey TA et al. Assessing the Impact and Cost of Short-Term Health Workforce in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 (Oct 3); 5(4): e135 Available from: http://www.researchprotocols.org/2016/4/e135
Russell DJ, Zhao Y, Guthridge S, Ramjan M, Jones MP, Humphreys JS et al. Patterns of resident health workforce turnover and retention in remote communities of the Northern Territory of Australia, 2013–2015. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15:52 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0229-9
Zhao Y, Russell DJ, Guthridge S, Ramjan M, Jones MP, Humphreys JS et al. Long-term trends in supply and sustainability of the health workforce in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory of Australia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;19;17(1):836. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2803-1.
Department of Families Housing Community Services and Indigenous Affairs: Northern Territory Emergency Response. Evaluation Report 2011. Canberra: FaHCSIA;2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10070/252540
Zhao Y, Russell DJ, Guthridge S, Ramjan M, Jones MP, Humphreys JS et al. Cost impact of high staff turnover on primary care in remote Australia. Aust Health Rev. 2018; Aug 30. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AH17262.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao Y, Russell D, Guthridge S, Ramjan M, Jones M, Humphreys JS, Wakerman J. Costs and effects of higher turnover of nurses and Aboriginal health practitioners and higher use of short-term nurses in remote Australian primary care services: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:e023906. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023906.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dunbar T, Bourke L, Murakami-Gold L. Remote Area Nurses in NT Government Clinics: More than just numbers! Aust J Rural Health. 2019;00:1–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12513
Buykx P, Humphreys J, Wakerman J, Pashen D. Systematic review of effective retention incentives for health workers in rural and remote areas: Towards evidence-based policy. Aust J Rural Health. 2010;18:102–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Russell DJ, Wakerman J & Humphreys JS. What is a reasonable length of employment for health workers in Australian rural and remote primary healthcare services? Aust Health Review. 2013;37:256-261. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/AH12184
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garnett S, Coe K, Golebiowska K, Walsh H, Zander K, Guthridge S, Malyon R. Attracting and keeping nursing professionals in an environment of chronic labour short-age: A study of mobility among nurses and midwives in the Northern Territory of Australia. Darwin: Charles Darwin University Press; 2008.
Google Scholar
Guthrie B, Saultz JW, Freeman GK, Haggerty JL. Continuity of care matters. BMJ. 2008;337:a867.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kroezen M, Dussault G, Craveiro I, Dieleman M, Jansen C, Buchan J, et al. Recruitment and retention of health professionals across Europe: A literature review and multiple case study research. Health Policy. 2015;119:1517–28.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buchan J, Couper ID, Tangcharoensathien V, Thepannya K, Jaskiewicz W, Perfilieva G, et al. Early implementation of WHO recommendations for the retention of health workers in remote and rural areas. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(11):834–40 Available from: https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/11/13-119008/en/.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dieleman M, Kane S, Zwanikken P, GerretSen B. Realist review and synthesis of retention studies for health workers in rural and remote areas. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44548/9789241501262_eng.pdf;jsessionid=1D609B8AD01127246B54A2A732738487?sequence=1
Google Scholar
Mbemba G, Gagnon MP, Pare G, Cote J. Interventions for supporting nurse retention in rural and remote areas: an umbrella review. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-44
Easterbrook M, Godwin M, Wilson R, Hodgetts G, Brown G, Pong R, et al. Rural background and clinical rural rotations during medical training: effect on practice location. CMAJ. 1999;160:1159–63.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan S, Eley DS, Ranmuthugala G, Chater AB, Toombs MR, Darshan D et al. Determinants of rural practice: positive interaction between rural background and rural undergraduate training. Med J Aust. 2015;202:41-45. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00236
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kwann MS, Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan S, Ranmuthugala G, Toombs MP, Nicholson GC. The rural pipeline to longer-term rural practice: General Practitioners and specialists. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(7): e0180394. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180394
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Laven G, Wilkinson D. Rural doctors and rural backgrounds: how strong is the evidence? A systematic review. Aust J Rural Health. 2004;11(6):277-284. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2003.00534.x
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rabinowitz HK, Diamond JJ, Markham FW, Hazelwood CE. A program to increase the number of family physicians in rural and underserved areas: impact after 22 years. JAMA. 1999;281:255–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behrendt L, Larkin S, Griew R, Kelly P. Review of Higher Education Access and Outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Final Report. Canberra: Australian Government; 2012.
Google Scholar
Halaas GW, Zink T, Finstad D, Boln K, Center B. Recruitment and retention of rural physicians: outcomes from the rural physician associate program of Minnesota. J Rural Health. 2008;24:345-352. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2008.00180.x
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farmer J, Kenny A, McKinstry C, Huysmans RD. A scoping review of the association between rural medical education and rural practice location. Hum Resour Health. 2015;13:27. Available from: DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-015-0017-3
Playford D, Puddey IB Interest in rural clinical school is not enough: Participation is necessary to predict an ultimate rural practice location. Aust J Rural Health. 2016;25(4):210-218. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12324
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zink T, Center B, Finstad D, Boulger JG, Reopesh LA, Westra R et al. Efforts to graduate more primary care physicians and physicians who will practice in rural areas: examining outcomes from the University of Minnesota–Duluth and the Rural Physician Associate Program. Acad Med. 2010;85(4):599-604 Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2b537
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chenoweth L, Jeon Y, Merlyn H, Brodaty H. A systematic review of what factors attract and retain nurses in aged and dementia care. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19(1-2):156–67.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gordon IT, Denton D. The Relationship of Rural Clinical Rotations to Where Registered Nurses Practice. J Rural Health. 1992;8(4): 245-326. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1992.tb00371.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGrail MR, Russell DJ, Campbell DG. Vocational training of general practitioners in rural locations is critical for Australia rural medical workforce. Med J Aust. 2016;205:217–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Chen F, Fordyce M, Andes S, Hart LG. Which medical schools produce rural physicians? A 15-year update. Acad Med. 2010;85:594–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patterson, D. G., C. Holly Andrilla, D. F. Schmitz, R. Longenecker, and D. V. Evans. Outcomes of rural-centric residency training to prepare Family Medicine Physicians for rural practice. Policy Brief #158. Seattle, WA: WWAMI Rural Health Center, University of Washington;2016.
Jamieson JL, Kernahan J, Calam B, Sivertz KS. One program, multiple training sites: does site of family medicine training influence professional practice location? Rural Remote Health. 2013;13:2496 Available from: https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2496.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bowman RC, Penrod JD. Family practice residency programs and the graduation of rural family physicians. Fam Med. 1998;30:288–92.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rourke JT, Incitti F, Rourke LL, Kennard M. Relationship between practice location of Ontario family physicians and their rural background or amount of rural medical education experience. Can J Rural Med. 2005;10:231–40.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heng D, Pong RW, Chan BT, Degani N, Crichton T, Goertzen J, et al. Graduates of northern Ontario family medicine residency programs practise where they train. Can J Rural Med. 2007;12:146–52.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pathman DE, Steiner BD, Jones BD, Konrad TR. Preparing and retaining rural physicians through medical education. Acad Med. 1999;74:810–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hogenbirk JC, Timony PE, French MG, Strasser R, Pong RW, Cervin C, et al. Milestones on the social accountability journey: Family medicine practice locations of Northern Ontario School of Medicine graduates. Can Fam Physician. 2016;62:e138–45.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fleming PM, Sinnot ML. Rural physician supply and retention: factors in the Canadian context. Can J Rural Med. 2018;23:15–20.
Google Scholar
Anonson JM, Desjarlais J, Nixon J, Whiteman L, Bird A. Strategies to Support Recruitment and Retention of First Nations Youth in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs in Saskatchewan. Canada. J Transcult Nurs. 2008;19:274–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salt J, Cummings GG, Profetto-McGrath J. Increasing retention of new graduate nurses: a systematic review of interventions by healthcare organizations. J Nurs Admin. 2008;38(6):287–96.
Article
Google Scholar
Lartey S, Cummings G, Profetto-McGrath J. Interventions that promote retention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(8):1027–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Curtis E, Wikaire E, Stokes K, Reid P. Addressing indigenous health workforce inequities: a literature review exploring ‘best’ practice for recruitment into tertiary health programmes. Int J Equity Health. 2012;11:13 Available from: https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-9276-11-13.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Humphreys JS, Wakerman J, Wells R, Kuipers P, Jones J, Entwistle P. 'Beyond workforce': a systemic solution for health service provision in small rural and remote communities. Med J Aust. 2008;188(8 Suppl):S77–80.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wakerman J, Humphreys J. Sustainable workforce, sustainable health systems for rural and remote Australia. Med J Aust. 2012;Suppl 3:14–17. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.5694/mjao11.11639
Article
Google Scholar
van Haaren M, Williams G. Central Australian nurse management model (CAN Model): a strategic approach to the recruitment and retention of remote-area nurses. Aust J Rural Health. 2000;8:1–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tyrell MS, Carey TA, Wakerman J. The work motivations of the health practitioner who stays for a substantial time in the very remote Indigenous community workplace. Aust J Psychol. 2018:1–12. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12218
Article
Google Scholar
Cowden T, Cummings G, Profetto-McGrath J. Leadership practices and staff nurses’ intent to stay: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag. 2011;19(4):461–77.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Twigg D, McCullough K. Nurse retention: A review of strategies to increase and enhance positive practice environments in clinical settings. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51:85–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bath J, Wakerman J. The impact of community participation in primary health care: What is the evidence? Aust J Prim Health. 2013;21(1):2-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/PY12164
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Panaretto KS, Wenitong M, Button S, Ring I. Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care. Med J Aust. 2014;200: 649-52. Availabel from. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.00005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pulver LJ, Fitzpatrick S, Ritchie J, Norrie M. Filling the gap: an evaluation of a voluntary dental program within an Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander community controlled primary health service. Aborig Isl Health Work J. 2010;34:3.
Google Scholar
Hogenbirk JC, McGrail MR, Strasser R, Lacarte S, Kevat A, Lewenberg M. Urban washout: how strong is the rural-background effect? Aust J Rural Health 2015;23:161-168. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12183
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gardiner M, Kearns H, Tiggemann M. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural coaching in improving the well-being and retention of rural general practitioners. Aust J Rural Health. 2013 Jun;21(3):183-189. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12033.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones M, Humphreys JS, McGrail MR. Why does a rural background make medical students more likely to intend to work in rural areas and how consistent is the effect? A study of the rural background effect. Aust J Rural Health. 2012;20(1):29-34. Available from: doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2011.01242.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar